Aboriginal Historty Month 2021

Man. I hate the drug war. I have so much contempt for the people who fell for it. Who blindly promoted and promote drug prohibition. Who begged and begged for more drug laws in the community. Simple-minded fools. :angry: :angry: Whites were more than happy to comply and build the prisons.

To go with that war on terror analogy deeper, back in the 90s in Cleveland, we had 'drug zones'. Basically pigs could fuck with citizens who were in these drug zones under the assumption that anything they were doing was drug related. It's similar to how the U.S. treats zones they occupy in some of those countries.

Meanwhile, folks that helped fuel those policies we came up on all been promoted. Back in the hood, all the coon ass pastors that promoted that 'poison to our own people'(even though whites do drugs at the same rate) narrative still leading the community astray.

Lot of good info in this thread. Keep up the good work.

Right on, bruh!! Your 100% spot on about that so called war on drug!!

The war on drug was one of the biggest scams pulled on our people!! When the gov was flooding our areas with drugs and guns, to pay for their off the book gun running and wars down south!!
 
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If you have 30mins to spare, a very interesting and good video.. Enjoy


Why Black Americans Hold The Keys To A Better America


 
Cherokee Removal and the Trail of Tears


By the 1820s, the Cherokee Nation had seen much of their ancestral lands (in what is now the southeastern US) disappear, through treaties with colonial governments and the United States government. Hoping to avoid cultural destruction, several Cherokee leaders—including John Ross, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation and John Ridge, the Speaker of the Cherokee Council—led their people into a period of reform called the “Cherokee Renaissance.” By 1830 the Cherokee Nation had adopted a written language and forged a constitution modeled on that of the United States, complete with a chief executive, a representative government, and courts enforcing Cherokee laws. Many Cherokee had converted to Protestant Christianity, lived in nuclear family homes, and farmed the land—sometimes with the labor of enslaved African Americans.

This same period saw the rise among US citizens of “Manifest Destiny,” a belief that white Americans were God’s chosen people, selected by Him to spread the United States from the East to the West Coast, “sea to shining sea.” Andrew Jackson, a famous “Indian fighter,” was elected President in 1828, largely on his pledge to move Indian tribes westward to allow the advance of white civilization. Emboldened by Jackson’s stance, state legislators in Georgia passed laws that abolished the Cherokee government, invalidated Cherokee laws, and created a lottery system by which white Georgians could legally take Cherokee homes and land. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, allocating funds to forcibly remove Native Americans from the Southeast to lands west of the Mississippi River.

Cherokee leaders could not agree how to respond. In 1835, government negotiators took advantage of their factionalism and persuaded a small group, led by John Ridge and his father Major Ridge, to sign the Treaty of New Echota—which ordered the Cherokee to remove themselves from their homes and relocate to land west of the Mississippi River. This primary source set uses documents, images, and music to reveal the story of Cherokee removal, which is part of a larger story known as the Trail of Tears. Thousands of Native Americans—Chickasaw, Creek Choctaw, Seminole, and Cherokee—suffered through this forced relocation.
 
Interesting...


LOSS OF IDENTITY IN VIRGINIA




Walter Plecker's racist crusade against Virginia's Native Americans.


"Some of these mongrels, finding that they have been able to sneak in their birth certificates
unchallenged as Indians, are now making a rush to register as white." -- W.A. Plecker


"By (Pleckers) standards, codified by the General Assembly in the 1924 Racial Integrity Act, one drop of Negro blood would cause a person to be categorized as black. That was designed to stop light-skinned people with black ansestry from "passing" as white people and thus avoiding the Jim Crow discrimination laws.
"Dr. Plecker sought to categorize many of the "Indians" in Virginia as black. He was forced to finesse the equivalent of one drop of Indian blood, however. Many of the so-called "First Families of Virginia" traced their ancestry back to the son of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, and were proud of their connection to what they considered to be Native American royalty."

Trying to locate documentation regarding Native Americans is very difficult. An outrageous example of this difficulty is the goings-on in Virginia in the early-to-mid 1900's, an era when the eugenics movement was in its heyday.
Plecker was the "vital records czar" for the state of Virginia during the era of the "one drop law." W.A. Plecker, acting as Virginia's first Registrar of Vital Statistics, was determined to designate all so-called Melungeons as other than white.
Michael Everette Bell, Ph.D. (Department of History, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, says:
"For a balanced examination of Plecker and his ideology, see the 'Richmond's History' article by Arthur Zilmence, Walter Ashby Plecker: A Contextual Evaluation."
Ron Welburn (rwelburn@english.umass.edu) says:
"One of the best discussions of what Plecker was doing is in Helen Rountree's POCAHANTAS' PEOPLE: THE POWHATAN INDIANS OVER FOUR CENTURIES; read the chapter, 'The Racial Integrity Fight.'"
Virginia's former registrar of the Bureau of Vital Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, a small-town doctor who became registrar of the state's Bureau of Vital Statistics in 1912, spent decades trying to deny the existence of Indians in Virginia. He believed there were no real native-born Indians in Virginia and anybody claiming to be Indian had a mix of black blood and, because in Virginia at that time one drop of African blood rendered an individual completely Aftican, Plecker thereby classified Indians as Blacks. Plecker ran the Bureau from 1912 to 1946.
The "ancestral registration" provisions of the law were strictly enforced by Plecker. In 1925, he began a campaign to force the U.S. Census Bureau to report no Indians in Virginia in 1930. The Census Bureau conceded to mark Virginia Indians with a footnote: "Includes a number of persons whose classification as Indians has been questioned." Plecker believed that all Indians had 'polluted' their blood by mingling it with free African-Americans. Plecker thus saw those who claimed Indian ancestry as opportunists seeking what Helen Rountree called a 'way station to whiteness'--in other words, he saw all Indians as blacks attempting to 'pass.'"
Nonetheless, in 1930, the U.S. Census reported 779 Indians in Virginia, noting for the first time there were 59 Indians in Caroline County.
Plecker even issued in 1943 a list of surnames belonging to "mongel" or mixed-blood families suspected of having Negro ancestry who must not be allowed to pass as Indian or White.
Plecker's successor, Russell E. Booker Jr., termed Plecker's activities from 1912 to 1946 as "documentary genocide".
Plecker helped pass the 1924 Racial Integrity Act, a strict race classification and law which institutionalized the "one drop rule," under which any person, including Indians, who was believed to have "one drop" or more of "Negro blood" was designated as Black. A person with no "non-Caucasian blood" was classified as white, as well as persons who claimed 1/16th or less "Indian blood," which applied to those who had been proud of their so-called impurity: prominent white persons who claimed to be descended from Pocahantas. To be anything but white in Virginia meant exclusion from employment, education, and basic services. The aristocratic descendants of Pocahontas--resentful of being lumped in with "Negroes, Mongolians, American Indians, Malayans, or any mixtures thereof, or any other non-Caucasian strains" twisted arms until the legislature decreed that persons with no more than one-sixteenth Native American ancestry might still be considered white.
"As for those who 'mingled their blood' with African-Americans, they, too, would be absorbed--though they might not like the consequences. Let us consider the example of the Gingashins. This eastern tribe had two strikes against it: Its members refused to give up their traditional lifeways; even worse, they intermarried freely and unashamedly with blacks.
"This was anathema to Virginia elites. Intermarriage with whites could be, and was, tolerated. Intermarriage with blacks, however, was an intolerable challenge to the arbitrary color line that had been in place since the first chattel slavery law passed in 1661. Thus, in 1813, the Gingashins made their way into the history books, becoming the first U.S. tribe to be terminated.
"Needless to say, Gingashin identity did not die with the legal decree. As late as 1855, Rountree notes, county maps showed an "Indian Town," an Indiantown Creek, and a settlement of seven houses. Eventually, however, white antagonism, not to mention opportunism, forced the Gingashins to merge into a sympathetic African-American community. Tribes such as the Pamunkeys, Mattaponis, Upper Mattaponis, Nansemonds, Rappahannocks, and Chickahominies took note of the lesson--and learned how to resist.
"A century later, armed with the awesome power of the state, Plecker declared war on these people. Consulting a listing of surnames associated with Native American ancestry--such as Beverly (from beaver), Sparrow, Penn or Pinn, Fields, Bear, and so on--and drawing his authority from century-old census records that were likely to list Indians as "mulattoes"--particularly if the census were taken in summertime, Houck notes--Plecker embarked on a crusade to re-classify every Native American in the state as an African-American." ("Battles in Red, Black and White" http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/POCA/POC_law.html)
Plecker changed and/or destroyed labels on vital records to classify Indians as "colored, mongrel, mulatto," investigated the pedigrees of racially "suspect" citizens, and provided information to block or annul interracial marriages with Whites. He not only did this to Indians, but other races as well.
Knowledge of this historical development is vitally necessary for those who are searching their Native heritage to understand why records in the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics are incorrect or missing.




A Plecker-altered record contained the following statement attached to its obverse side:

"WARNING-- To be attached to the backs of birth or death certificates of those believed to be incorrectly recorded as to color or race.
"Howe in his History of Virginia, 1845, pages 349-350 says of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Indians of King William County: "Their Indian character is nearly extinct by intermixture with the white and negroes."
"Encyclopedia Britannia, Eleventh Edition, Volume 14, page 460 and 464, says of Chickahominy Indians. "No pure bloods left, considerable negro and mixture," and of Pamunkeys, "All mixed-bloods: some negro mixture."
"The Handbook of American Indians (Bulletin 30), Bureau of American Ethnology, under the heading "Croatan Indians," The theory of descent from the colony may be regarded as baseless, but the name itself serves as a convenient label for a people who combine in themselves the blood of the wasted native tribes, the early colonists or forest rovers, the runaway slaves or other negroes, and probably also of stray seamen of the Latin races (Italian, Portuguese, etc) from coasting vessels in the West Indian or Brazilian trade.
"Across the line in South Carolina are found a people, evidently of similar origin, designated- "Redbones." In portions of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee are found the so-called "Melungeons" (probably from French melange, "mixed") or "Portuguese" apparently an offshoot from Croatan proper, and in Delaware are found the "Moors." All of these are local designations for people of mixed race with an Indian nucleus differing in no way from the p resent mixed-blood remnants known as Pamunkey, Chickahominy, and Nansemond Indians in Virginia, excepting in the more complex loss of their identity. In general, the physical features and complexion of the persons of this mixed stock incline more to the Indian than to white or negro.
"The same under "mixed-bloods," says; "The Pamunkey, Chickahomniy, Marshpee, Narraganset, and Gay Head remnants have much negro blood, and conversely there is no doubt that many of the broken coast tribe have been completely absorbed into the negro race."
"In 1843, 144 freeholders of King William County in a petition to the legislature to abolish the two Indian reservations of that county, B.12d7, State Library, say: "There are two parcels or tracts of land situated within said County, on which a number of persons are now living, all of whom by the laws of Virginia, would be deemed and taken to be free mulattoes, in any Court of Justice; as it is believed they all have onefourth or more of negro blood; and as proof of this, they would rely on the generally admitted fact, that not one individual can be found among them, of whose grandfathers and grandmothers, one or more is or was not a negro; which proportion of negro blood constitutes a free mulatto, see R C Vol. 1st page." These conclusions are confirmed by responsible citizens now living in that county December 1927.
"A. H. Estabrook and Ivan E. McDougle in their book, "Mongrel Virginians," 1926, describe a group of mixed bloods centering in Amherst County and extending to the Irish Creek Valley in Rockbridge, and to other surrounding counties, known locally as "Issue" or "Free Issue." They say, page 15: "These freed negroes mated with themselves or the half-breed Indians in the County.
"Therefore: In consideration of the above and other similar evidence relating to all or practically all groups claiming to be "Indians", The Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics accepts the belief that there are no descendants of Virginia Indians claiming or reputed to be Indians, who are unmixed with negro blood, and in accordance with the requirements of the Vital Statistics and Racial Integrity Laws that births and deaths be correctly recorded as to race, classifies as negro or colored, persons, either or both of whose parents are recorded on the birth or death certificate or marriage license, or who are themselves recorded are Indian, Mixed Indian, Mixed, Melungeon, Issue, Free Issue, or other similar non-white terms.
"The Bureau of Vital Statistics has consented to accept an interrogation mark as indication that the writer of the certificate considered the individual as probably of colored origin, but preferred not stating the fact, to appear in the local record.
"This warning will apply also to any who may be incorrectly recorded as white, when known to be of Negro, Malay, Mongolian, West Indian, East Indian, Mexican, Filipino, or any other non-white mixture.
"The above statement of information now available, is given for the guidance of those to follow us in this work, and is intended to apply to the individual whose birth is reported on the certificate Vol._____No.____ to which this is attached."



The following is a transcribed copy of a 1943 official bulletin from Dr. Plecker to Virginia county officials which includes a watchlist of surnames.

Commonwealth of Virginia
Department of Health
Bureau of Vital Statistics Richmond
January 1943
Local Registrar, Physicians Health Officers, Nurses, School Superintendents and Clerks of the Courts
Dear Co-workers:
Our December 1942 letter to local registrars, also mailed to the clerks, set forth the determined effort to escape from the negro race of groups of "free issues;" or descendants of the "free mulattoes" of early days, so listed prior to 1865 in the United State census and various types of State records, as distinguished from slave negroes.
Now that these people are playing up the advantage gained by being permitted to give "Indian" as the race of the child's parents on birth certificates, we see the great mistake made in not stopping earlier the organized propagation of the racial falsehood. They have been using the advantage thus gained as an aid to intermarriage into the white race and to attend white schools, and now for some time, they have been refusing to register with war draft boards as negroes from Caroline County were sentenced to prison on January 12 in the United States Court at Richmond for refusing to obey the draft law unless permitted to classify themselves as "Indians."
Some of these mongrels, finding that they have been able to sneak in their birth certificates unchallenged as Indians are now making a rush to registrar as white. Upon investigation we find that a few local registrars have been permitting such certificates to pass through their hands unquestioned and without warning our office of the fraud. Those attempting this fraud should be warned that they are liable to a penalty of one year in the penitentiary (Section 5099 of the Code). Several clerks have likewise been actually granting them license to marry whites, or at least to marry amongst themselves as Indian or white. The danger of this error always confronts the clerk who does not inquire carefully as to the residence of the woman when he does not have positive information. The law is explicit that the license be issued by the clerk of the county or city in which the woman resides.
To aid all of you in determing just which are the mixed families, we have made a list of their surnames by counties and cities, as complete as possible at this time. This list should be preserved by all, even by those counties and cities not included, as these people are moving around over the State and changing race at the new place. A family has just been investigated which was always recorded as negro around Glade Springs, Washington County, but which changed to white and married as such in Roanoke County. This is going on constantly and can be prevented only by care on the part of local registrars, clerks, doctors, health workers, and school authorities.
Please report all know or suspicious cased to the Bureau of Vital Statistics, giving names, ages, parents, and as much other information as possible. All certificates of these people showing "Indian" or "White" are now being rejected and returned to the physician or midwife, but local registrars hereafter must not permit them to pass their hands uncorrected or unchallenged and without a note of warning to us. One hundred and fifty thousand other mulattoes in Virginia are watching eagerly the attempt of their pseudo-Indian brethren, ready to follow in a rush when the fist have made a break in the dike.
Very truly yours,
(signature)
W. A. Plecker, M.D. State Registrar of Vital Statistics
 
More interesting information



Battles in Red, Black, andWhite


Virginia's Racial Integrity Law of 1924:


A Nansemond family, ca. 1900 (photo)
Walter Ashby Plecker was unassuming in appearance: a small-town doctor whose penchant for number-crunching earned him the position of registrar in Virginias Bureau of Vital Statistics in 1912. But appearances were indeed deceiving. With Plecker at the helm, the bureau went on an all-out war against "amalgamation".
Plecker was not the author of the Racial Integrity Law of 1924--Virginia's infamous "one drop" statute, which created two racial categories, "pure" white and everybody else. But he--and allies such as John Powell of the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America--pushed hard to enforce the act's provision for "ancestral registration".
Virginians shied away from compliance in that area, according to J. David Smith in The Eugenic Assault on America: Scenes in Red, White, and Black. Indeed, "passing" might have been commonplace among whiter-skinned African- Americans since at least 1662, when the first anti-miscegenation laws were passed in Virginia, but even for allegedly "pure" whites, proof of racial purity might have been difficult to obtain.

Detail from John Rolfe and Pocahontas, J. W. Glass, early 1850s. See http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/POCA/POC_law.html
And at least one group of whites who had been proud of their so-called impurity lobbied successfully to have the act revised. The aristocratic descendants of Pocahontas-- resentful of being lumped in with "Negroes, Mongolians, American Indians, Malayans, or any mixtures thereof, or any other non-Caucasian strains"--twisted arms until the legislature decreed that persons with no more than one-sixteenth Native American ancestry might still be considered white.
But Plecker's power to grant birth, death, and marriage certificates gave him unprecedented and awesome powers over Virginians who had less clout than the Pocahontas contingent. With the stroke of a pen, Plecker could write an individual into "Negro" status--and legal and social oblivion. Plecker was only too willing to exercise that power, thus making him a figure of dread to Indians in general, but particularly to the Powhatan remnants in Rockbridge and Amherst counties, until his retirement and subsequent death in 1946.

William Terrill Bradby, a Pamunkey, in full regalia. The Pamunkeys were very conscious of the importance of maintaining a "wild" image and even sent a representative to the 1893 World's Fair. See http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/POCA/POC_law.html
According to Helen Rountree, a Old Dominion University professor who has written extensively on Virginia's Powhatan tribes, Plecker believed that all Indians had "polluted" their blood by mingling it with free African-Americans--or "free issues", in the local vernacular. Plecker thus saw those who claimed Indian ancestry as opportunists seeking what Rountree called a "way station to whiteness"-- in other words, he saw all Indians as blacks attempting to "pass."
Plecker's beliefs placed him squarely in the mainstream of the American eugenics movement, which assaulted the rights of poor whites as vigorously as those of racial minorities. (Compare, for example, the case of Carrie Buck, an 18-year-old Caucasian girl from Lynchburg who was believed, it now appears erroneously, to be "feeble- minded." In a case that went before the Supreme Court, the state vigorously pursued and won the right to sterilize Buck to prevent her from passing on her "imbecility.") But the desire to make Native Americans simply "vanish," whether into the African-American population or into thin air, had much deeper roots.
Peter Houck, author of Indian Island in Amherst County, cites Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 as the first sustained and coordinated effort in Virginia to drive the Powhatans from their land. But we cannot forget that the nation's Indian removal policy was formulated by that great defender of liberty Thomas Jefferson and carried out by that great defender of the common man Andrew Jackson. Indeed, long before Ulysses S. Grant had developed "vanishing" into an official "Peace Policy," Virginians had mastered the mechanics.
"In time, you will be as we are," Jefferson promised in his 1809 Indian address. "You will become one people with us. Your blood will mix with ours; and will spread with ours over this great Island..." Absorption into the white race--a consummation devoutly to be wished from one perspective--was the lure Jefferson tossed before the tribes.

The Majors, a Mattaponi family, ca. 1900. See http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/POCA/POC_law.html

As for those who "mingled their blood" with African-Americans, they, too, would be absorbed--though they might not like the consequences. Let us consider the example of the Gingashins. This eastern tribe had two strikes against it: Its members refused to give up their traditional lifeways; even worse, they intermarried freely and unashamedly with blacks.
This was anathema to Virginia elites. Intermarriage with whites could be, and was, tolerated. Intermarriage with blacks, however, was an intolerable challenge to the arbitrary color line that had been in place since the first chattel slavery law passed in 1661. Thus, in 1813, the Gingashins made their way into the history books, becoming the first U.S. tribe to be terminated.
Needless to say, Gingashin identity did not die with the legal decree. As late as 1855, Rountree notes, county maps showed an "Indian Town," an Indiantown Creek, and a settlement of seven houses. Eventually, however, white antagonism, not to mention opportunism, forced the Gingashins to merge into a sympathetic African-American community. Tribes such as the Pamunkeys, Mattaponis, Upper Mattaponis, Nansemonds, Rappahannocks, and Chickahominies took note of the lesson--and learned how to resist.
A century later, armed with the awesome power of the state, Plecker declared war on these people. Consulting a listing of surnames associated with Native American ancestry-- such as Beverly (from beaver), Sparrow, Penn or Pinn, Fields, Bear, and so on--and drawing his authority from century-old census records that were likely to list Indians as "mulattoes"--particularly if the census were taken in summertime, Houck notes-- Plecker embarked on a crusade to re-classify every Native American in the state as an African-American.

A marriage certificate from 1940. Note that "mixed" is handwritten below the typed designation "Indian."
See http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/POCA/POC_law.html


Plecker intimidated mid-wives, wrote threatening pamphlets, editorialized in newspapers, and trained an entire generation of county clerks and health service workers in his methods. When all else failed, he simply changed records to suit his prejudices, striking out the designation "Indian" and replacing it with "Negro" or "colored" or "mulatto"--or writing notations on the back.
But while Powhatans suffered under Plecker's tyranny, they refused to vanish. When necessary, they sacrificed both family ties and good will in the African-American community by refusing to attend Jim Crow schools or segregated churches.
These isolationist tactics cost them--Indian communities in Amherst were often poor and poorly educated--but they appear to have worked. It is worth noting that Amherst Indians who successfully held themselves aloof from "black contamination" regained tribal recognition in the 1980s. Another group, also living in Amherst County, which proudly claimed African, Native, and Caucasian ancestry--the Buffalo Ridge Cherokee--did not.

 
The Tulsa Race Massacre


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Martial Law Orders
Posted on June 14, 2017
These have been transcribed (with corrected spelling) from
Barrett, Charles Franklin. Oklahoma after fifty years: a history of the Sooner state and its people, 1889-1939 … Hopkinsville, Ky.; Oklahoma City, Okla.: The Historical Record Association, 1941.
Hower, Robert N. 1921 Tulsa race riot and the American Red Cross, “Angels of Mercy.” Tulsa, Okla.: Homestead Press, c1993.
The Martial Law Declaration in the collection of McFarlin Library, The University of Tulsa.
MARTIAL LAW DECLARED
Headquarters Oklahoma National Guard
City Hall, Tulsa, Oklahoma, June 1, 1921.
Following telegram from Governor J.B.A. Robertson received at these Headquarters at 11:29 a.m. places Tulsa and Tulsa County under Martial Law:
‘Chas. F. Barrett. The Adjutant General
c-o City Hall, Tulsa Oklahoma. June 1, 1921
I have declared martial law throughout Tulsa County, and am holding you responsible for maintenance of order, safety of lives and protection of property. You will do all things necessary to attain these objects.
J. B. A. Robertson, Governor.’
THEREFORE, By authority of this order, I hereby declare the City of Tulsa and Tulsa County from and after the hour named in the telegram to be under Martial Law, which will be enforced with all the rigor necessary to accomplish the purpose of restoring peace and order within the boundaries of this City and County.
The people of Tulsa and Tulsa County will retire immediately to their homes and remain there, so far as possible, until this order is modified or revoked.
All persons, except sworn officers of the law, found upon the public streets of Tulsa or in any locality in Tulsa County, will be promptly arrested and punished as a military court may direct.
All business houses in the city will close on or before 6:00 o’clock P.M. today and will not re-open until 8 A.M., June 2nd, and will observe these hours from day to day until further orders, unless granted permission by the commanding officer of the Oklahoma National Guard.
Services of necessity, such as grocery stores, drug stores, dairies, meat markets and other agencies that contribute to the comfort of the people will be excepted from the provision requiring permission to render such service.
It is the hope of the commanding officer that a prompt compliance with this order will result in a speedy restoration of the public peace, and that the order can be so modified that there will be no interference with the ordinary process of business and commercial life in Tulsa or any surrounding city in Tulsa County.
Every good citizen should lend his or best efforts to secure a prompt compliance with this order.
Automobiles, trucks and other conveyances, except those used by doctors, officers of the law, members of the Red Cross and other individuals or organizations contributing to the health and welfare of the people will not be allowed on the streets between the hours of 7:00P.M. and 6:00A.M.
Sufficient military forces are on hand to rigidly enforce this order, and it will be done.
Equal protection under this order is guaranteed to all persons, without regard to race or color. After the publication of this order, the man or woman, white or black, found with arms in their hands without written permission from military authority or by virtue of proper commission under the civil law will be considered as public enemies and treated accordingly.
Police offices and members of the sheriff’s force will report through their chiefs to Brig-Gen. Charles F. Barrett for further orders.
Chas. F. Barrett, Brigadier General,
Commanding Oklahoma National Guard.’


Headquarters Oklahoma National Guard
City Hall, Tulsa, Okla. June 2nd, 1921
Field Order No. 1
Rules and regulations governing the enforcement of the martial law now in effect in Tulsa and Tulsa County will be further modified to enable the civil authorities of the county to begin and pursue such investigation of crimes and offenses alleged to have been committed by parties now under arrest or by those who should be arrested in connection with the riotous and unlawful conduct that has taken place in connection with the present emergency, and for performing such other functions and duties in connection with their offices as the civil law directs except that peace officers will not interfere with military orders in relation to guard duty or other service of the military authorities.
By Command Brig. General Barrett
(signed) Byron Kirkpatrick, Major A.G. Adj.
Field Order No.2
The Rules and Regulations provided in the order declaring martial law in Tulsa and Tulsa County are hereby modified to the extent that all normal business and society activities will be allowed, and guards will be withdrawn from the business area during the day of Thursday, June 2nd. People will not be allowed to congregate on the streets nor engage in heated controversy or interfere with the right of the public the streets.
All street car service will be resumed on regular schedules. All theaters, taxi lines and agencies of comfort, health and other businesses will go on as usual. All white people are restricted and barred from visiting the burnt area of the negro district unless proved with military pass. All negroes provided with the card showing police protection will be allowed to go into the burnt district or negro quarters on presentation of the card. All negroes living outside of the city and now detained in the various refugee and detention places will be held under detention and brought before the authorities at city hall for investigation. The commission named as a military commission and the Red Cross will work in cooperation in the work among the refugees.
By Command Brig. General Barrett
(signed) Byron Kirkpatrick, Major A.G. Adj.

Field Order No. 3
Owing to the present conditions in Tulsa and Tulsa County—funerals of those killed during the riot will not be held in the churches of the city. Many of these churches are in use as camps for the refugees and it is against the policy of the military department to allow the use for same for funerals under the conditions of emotional stress which still prevailed within the city.
By Command Brig. General Barrett
(signed) Byron Kirkpatrick, Major A.G. Adj.
Field Order No.4
All able-bodied negro men remaining in detention camp at the Fair Grounds and other places in the city of Tulsa will be required to render such service and perform such labor as is required by the military commission and the Red Cross in making the proper sanitary provisions for the care of the refugees.
Able-bodied women, not having the care of children, will also be required to perform such service as may be required in the feeding and care of the refugees.
This order covers any labor necessary in the care of the health or welfare of those people who, by reason of their misfortunes, must be looked after by the different agencies of relief.
By Command Brig. General Barrett
(signed) Byron Kirkpatrick, Major A.G. Adj.
Field Order No. 5
To Commanding Officer, 3rd Infantry. You will detail a Non-Commissioned Officer and 12 men to act as guard at Fair Ground Detention Camp, this detail will be armed and fully equipped will report to Clark Field at American Red Cross Headquarters. From and after 1.P.M. this date detention camp at McNulty Camp will abolish and camps will be removed to Detention Camp at Fair Grounds.

By Command Brig. General Barrett
(signed) Byron Kirkpatrick, Major A.G. Adj.
Field Order No. 6
[There is no currently known copy of this order.]
Field Order No. 7
By authority of the Governor and Commander-in-chief of Oklahoma it is hereby ordered that the provisions, rules and regulations contained in the Military Order Putting into effect “Martial Law” in the County of Tulsa Oklahoma be and the same hereby suspended, and the authority and responsibility imposed upon me as Commander of the National Guard, by the governor is, by this order transferred to the mayor and city commissioners of the city of Tulsa and to the sheriff and board of county commissioners of the county of Tulsa, Oklahoma who have taken over all the duties and power conferred upon them by the statutes and constitution of the state. They will exercise with vigor and vigilance the police powers entrusted to them and will take proper care of all wounded, sick and distressed people, who, by reason of the tumult, riot and unlawful conduct of others have become a public charge.
The National Guard unit brought to the city of Tulsa from other section of the state have been relieved from active duty in this field and will repair under the competent orders of their commanding officers to their home stations, subject to orders already in hand to proceed to the Annual Encampment at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
The local units of the Oklahoma National Guards will remain on active duty and be subject to call under orders transmitted to Lieut. Col. L. J. F. Rooney by the Adjutant General of Oklahoma. These Tulsa units of the 3rd Infantry will be relieved from further active duty in connection with the present late disturbance at Tulsa, at 9:00 o’clock A.M., Saturday, June 4, 1921, but will be subject to orders already in hand for the Annual Encampment at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
Battery B, 2nd Field Artillery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, will be held in readiness to obey orders to co-operate with city and county authorities of Tulsa and Tulsa County in case their services are required but will not act as an organization until orders are received to that effect from the Governor and Commander-in-Chief.

By Command Brig. General Barrett
 
The first brotha( 1 of many) to serve in the House of Representatives. Very interesting read, get to see what he had to go thru!!

RAINEY, Joseph Hayne
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Born enslaved, Joseph Rainey was the first African American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives, the first to preside over the House, and the longest-serving Black lawmaker in Congress during Reconstruction. Like many Representatives of the era, Rainey introduced few bills, but he was one of the House’s most able orators and labored tirelessly in committee. During his more than eight years in the House, Rainey worked to pass civil rights legislation, fund public schools, and guarantee equal protection under the law. Throughout, he sought to use his position to advocate for the concerns of African Americans on the House Floor. “I can only raise my voice,” Rainey said in 1877, “and I would do it if it were the last time I ever did it, in defense of my rights and in the interests of my oppressed people.”1

Joseph Hayne Rainey was born on June 21, 1832, in Georgetown, South Carolina, a seaside town surrounded by low country rice plantations. Much of his early life is difficult to document. His parents were enslaved, but his father, Edward L. Rainey, was permitted to work as a barber and keep a portion of his earnings. He used that money to buy his family’s freedom in the early 1840s. South Carolina barred African Americans from attending school and Joseph Rainey never received a formal education. Rainey learned his father’s trade and by the 1850s worked as a barber at the exclusive Mills House hotel in Charleston.2 In 1859 Rainey traveled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he married Susan Cooper, who was originally from South Carolina. The Raineys returned to Charleston and later had three children: Joseph, Herbert, and Olive.3

When the Civil War began in 1861, the Confederate Army forced Rainey to construct defenses for the city of Charleston. He also worked as a ship’s steward aboard a Confederate blockade runner which clandestinely carried goods through the Union Navy’s maritime cordon of the South. In 1862, Rainey and his wife escaped to Bermuda, a self-governed British colony in the Atlantic that had abolished slavery in 1834. In Bermuda, the Raineys took advantage of the island’s economy which had thrived from the lucrative blockade-running business. The Raineys lived in the towns of St. George’s and Hamilton where Joseph set up a successful barbershop and Susan Rainey opened a dress store.4

The Raineys returned to the United States in 1866 following the end of the Civil War, settling first in Charleston before moving to Georgetown the following year.5 Rainey helped found the state Republican Party and represented Georgetown on the party’s central committee.6 In 1868 he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention and that year won election to the state senate where he chaired the senate finance committee.7

In February 1870, Representative Benjamin F. Whittemore resigned his northeastern South Carolina seat, having been accused of selling appointments to U.S. military academies.8 The Republican Party nominated Rainey for the remainder of the 41st Congress (1869–1871) and for a full term in the 42nd Congress (1871–1873). On October 19, 1870, Rainey won the full term, topping Democrat C. W. Dudley with 63 percent of the vote. On November 8, he defeated Dudley once again, garnering more than 86 percent of the vote in a special election to fill the seat for the remainder of the 41st Congress.9

Joseph Rainey was sworn in on December 12, 1870—first African American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. During his career on Capitol Hill, Rainey served on a range of committees and developed a firm grasp of the institutional workings of the House. Rainey’s committee appointments included the Freedmen’s Affairs Committee, the Indian Affairs Committee, and the Invalid Pensions Committee, the last of which considered pensions and federal benefits for wounded veterans. He also served on the Select Committee on the Centennial Celebration and the Select Committee on the Freedmen’s Bank during the 44th Congress (1875–1877). In the 45th Congress (1877–1879), Rainey served with distinction on the Joint Committee on Enrolled Bills, where he worked with House clerks and his counterparts from the Senate to ensure that the bills which passed between chambers were accurate.10 On April 29, 1874, Rainey also became the first African American to preside over the House of Representatives from the Speaker’s chair when he oversaw debate on an appropriations bill providing for the management of Native-American reservations.11

During Reconstruction, African-American lawmakers won election to local, state, and federal offices throughout the South. And over the course of his career on Capitol Hill, Rainey served with 13 Black Members, including five from South Carolina. They were all Republicans. Together, they formed the nucleus of Black political power in the South before the end of Reconstruction in 1877. When Democrats regained control in the former Confederacy in the late 1870s they began eviscerating the civil, political, and economic rights of African Americans and destroyed the Republican Party across the region.

On the House Floor, Rainey relished the opportunity for spirited debate. On April 1, 1871, Rainey delivered his first major speech in Congress, calling for the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act. As state and local governments in the South either ignored or proved incapable of preventing white vigilante violence against African Americans, Rainey called on the federal government to intervene to combat the Klan and other terror organizations.12 The act expanded the reach of federal law enforcement in the South, giving the President the power to use federal troops to suppress the violence and empowered federal district attorneys to aggressively prosecute the Klan.13

While Democratic opponents argued the bill was unconstitutional, Rainey emphasized the federal government’s responsibility to protect individual rights. The Constitution, Rainey said, was designed to provide “protection to the humblest citizen, without regard to rank, creed, or color.”14 For Rainey, it was paramount that the federal government act, adding, “Tell me nothing of a constitution which fails to shelter beneath its rightful power the people of a country!”15

The Ku Klux Klan Act was signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on April 20, 1871.16 Several months later, Grant used the powers authorized by the legislation to decisively damage the Klan.17 Even as Rainey received death threats from the Klan, he continued to defend the legislation as Democrats tried to eliminate funding for the law’s enforcement.18 In March of 1872, Rainey successfully argued for new federal appropriations to strengthen the law in the South.19

Alongside the fundamental protection afforded by the Klan Act, Rainey worked to pass comprehensive civil rights legislation to guarantee both legal equality and the promises of freedom for the four million formerly enslaved people in the South. In 1870 Radical Republican Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts proposed a civil rights bill to outlaw racial discrimination in juries, schools, transportation, and public accommodations.20 Rainey and his Black colleagues spoke on the House Floor in favor of the bill, describing their personal experience with discrimination both in Washington and elsewhere. Rainey declared they were “determined to fight” to end discrimination and added that the Constitution guaranteed equal rights to all citizens.21 Rainey described his experiences riding segregated trains and streetcars but made his most ardent plea for equal access to education. Three years earlier, he had supported an unsuccessful effort to establish a national system of public schools funded with proceeds raised through the sale of public lands.22 In 1875 Rainey again called on legislators to embrace what he called “mixed schools” as a means to “annihilate” prejudice.23 Though the civil rights bill was signed into law March 3, 1875, provisions related to education were removed and the Supreme Court later declared key portions of the law unconstitutional.24

Throughout his career, Rainey sought to bolster legal protections for what he called “human rights.”25 Rainey’s expansive vision of human rights included not only civil and political rights, but economic rights for working people, immigrants, formerly enslaved people, and others. He supported the sovereignty of Native-American tribes and called on the United States government to respect existing treaties.26 He praised immigrants and opposed legislation that tried to limit the rights of Chinese laborers in the workplace.27 He also sought to protect the economic interests of African Americans, particularly in the South. Following the Civil War, for instance, the federal government had chartered the Freedmen’s Bank to help formerly enslaved families build wealth. But the bank failed in 1874. As one of many African Americans who had deposited money with the new financial institution, Rainey knew the long-term ramifications of the bank’s collapse. He successfully argued against a measure designed to limit oversight of the distribution of the bank’s remaining assets. Rainey also served on the House select committee charged with determining the cause of the bank’s failure and aided depositors in recovering their money—although largely without success.28

Though Rainey won re-election without opposition in 1872, his subsequent campaigns were more competitive. In 1874, Samuel Lee, an African American and a former speaker of the South Carolina house of representatives, challenged Rainey as an Independent Republican. Rainey won the election, taking 52 percent of the vote, but Lee demanded that the House Committee on Elections void some of Rainey’s votes due to a spelling error in Rainey’s name on some ballots.29 The committee upheld Rainey’s election in May 1876, with the whole House concurring a month later.30

The 1876 election cycle occurred during an extraordinarily violent year across the South. That year, South Carolina’s Democratic gubernatorial candidate Wade Hampton and his supporters, known as “Red Shirts,” orchestrated a campaign of violence and intimidation against Republican voters throughout the state.31 Similarly, in early July, following a white farmer’s dispute with the local Black militia in the town of Hamburg, South Carolina, near the border with Georgia, a white mob attacked the Black militia, killing six men, taking 25 prisoners, and destroying homes and property in the town’s African-American neighborhood.32 Rainey and his House colleague Robert Smalls of South Carolina denounced the assault on the House Floor on July 15, calling on the federal government to maintain troops in their state to prevent further violence against African Americans. Rainey called this incident “a cold-blooded atrocity” and warned that continued violence would undermine the fragile democracy in the South.33

Threats of violence also shaped Rainey’s re-election bid. In one instance, as Rainey traveled between campaign stops, he was warned of a group of armed Democrats outside Bennettsville, South Carolina. More than 50 Republicans joined him in anticipation of a violent confrontation. Rainey recalled that only the presence of federal troops prevented hostilities.34

In November 1876, Rainey defeated Democrat John S. Richardson for a seat in the 45th Congress (1877–1879), winning a tight race with 52 percent of the vote.35 Richardson accused Rainey and the Republican Party of voter intimidation, claimed victory, and traveled to Capitol Hill to dispute the election result. Rainey’s election had been certified by South Carolina’s existing Republican secretary of state, but Richardson had brought documents from Hampton’s victorious Democratic administration declaring him the victor. The House seated Rainey, but in May 1878 the Democratic majority on the Committee on Elections judged that the presence of federal troops in the state unduly influenced the outcome of the election. Although the committee declared the seat vacant, the full House failed to act on the committee report and Rainey kept his seat for the remainder of the term.36

In 1878 Richardson challenged Rainey again—this time bolstered by a concerted effort by Democrats to suppress Republican votes. Richardson defeated Rainey with nearly 62 percent of the vote.37 Rainey accused South Carolina Democrats of corruption and election fraud, but did not formally challenge the results in the House.38 In the remaining months of his House career, Rainey continued his committee work and introduced a bill to impose federal oversight of state voting practices.39

When Rainey left Congress, Republicans nominated him for the position of Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives, but the Democratic majority in the 46th Congress (1879–1881) elected its candidate instead.40 In 1879 Rainey was appointed a special agent of the U.S. Treasury Department in South Carolina.41 And in 1881, he started a brokerage and banking business in Washington, but the firm folded five years later. Rainey managed a wood and coal business with a partner before returning to Georgetown, South Carolina, where he died on August 1, 1887.42
 
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This the other brotha that was first to serve in the Congress.. Interesting read...


REVELS, Hiram Rhodes
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A freeman his entire life, Hiram Rhodes Revels was the first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress. With his moderate political orientation and oratorical skills honed from years as a preacher, Revels filled a vacant seat in the United States Senate in 1870. Just before the Senate agreed to admit a black man to its ranks on February 25, Republican Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts sized up the importance of the moment: “All men are created equal, says the great Declaration,” Sumner roared, “and now a great act attests this verity. Today we make the Declaration a reality…. The Declaration was only half established by Independence. The greatest duty remained behind. In assuring the equal rights of all we complete the work.”1

Hiram Rhodes Revels was born to free parents in Fayetteville, North Carolina, on September 27, 1827. His father worked as a Baptist preacher, and his mother was of Scottish descent. He claimed his ancestors “as far back as my knowledge extends, were free,” and, in addition to his Scottish background, he was rumored to be of mixed African and Croatan Indian lineage.2 In an era when educating black children was illegal in North Carolina, Revels attended a school taught by a free black woman and worked a few years as a barber. In 1844, he moved north to complete his education. Revels attended the Beech Grove Quaker Seminary in Liberty, Indiana, and the Darke County Seminary for black students, in Ohio. In 1845, Revels was ordained in the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. His first pastorate was likely in Richmond, Indiana, where he was elected an elder to the AME Indiana Conference in 1849.3 In the early 1850s, Revels married Phoebe A. Bass, a free black woman from Ohio, and they had six daughters.4

Revels traveled throughout the country, carrying out religious work and educating fellow African Americans in Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Although Missouri forbade free blacks to live in the state for fear they would instigate uprisings, Revels took a pastorate at an AME Church in St. Louis in 1853, noting that the law was “seldom enforced.” However, Revels later revealed he had to be careful because of restrictions on his movements. “I sedulously refrained from doing anything that would incite slaves to run away from their masters,” he recalled. “It being understood that my object was to preach the gospel to them, and improve their moral and spiritual condition even slave holders were tolerant of me.”5 Despite his cautiousness, Revels was imprisoned for preaching to the black community in 1854. Upon his release, he accepted a position with the Presbyterian Church in Baltimore, Maryland, working alongside his brother, Willis Revels, also an AME pastor. Hiram Revels was the principal of a black school in Baltimore and subsequently attended Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, on a scholarship from 1855 to 1857. He was one of the few black men in the United States with at least some college education.6

When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Revels helped recruit two black regiments from Maryland. In 1862, when black soldiers were permitted to fight, he served as the chaplain for a black regiment in campaigns in Vicksburg and Jackson, Mississippi. In 1863, Revels returned to St. Louis, where he established a freedmen’s school. At the end of hostilities, Revels served in a church in Leavenworth, Kansas. While traveling in Kansas, Revels and his family were asked to sit in the smoking car rather than the car for first–class ticket holders. Revels protested that the language in the smoking car was too coarse for his wife and children, and the conductor finally relented. Revels served in churches in Louisville, Kentucky, and New Orleans, Louisiana, before settling in Natchez, Mississippi, in 1866.

Before the Civil War, fewer than 1,000 free black Mississippians had access to a basic education. Thus, leadership from freedmen such as Revels became vital to the Republican Party for rallying the new electorate in the postwar years.7 It was through his work in education that Revels became involved in politics, taking his first elected position as a Natchez alderman in 1868. He entered politics reluctantly, fearing racial friction and interference with his religious work, but he quickly won over blacks and whites with his moderate and compassionate political opinions. In 1869, encouraged to run by a friend, future Representative John Roy Lynch, Revels won a seat in the Mississippi state senate.8 Under the newly installed Reconstruction government, Revels was one of more than 30 African Americans among the state’s 140 legislators.9 Upon his election, he wrote a friend in Leavenworth, Kansas: “We are in the midst of an exciting canvass…. I am working very hard in politics as well as in other matters. We are determined that Mississippi shall be settled on a basis of justice and political and legal equality.”10 A little–known politician, Revels attracted the attention of fellow legislators when he gave a moving prayer on the opening day of the session.

The primary task of the newly elected state senate was to fill U.S. Senate seats. In 1861, Democrat Albert Brown and future Confederate President Jefferson Davis both vacated Mississippi’s U.S. Senate seats when the state seceded from the Union.11 When their terms expired in 1865 and 1863, respectively, their seats were not filled and remained vacant. In 1870, the new Mississippi state legislature wished to elect a black man to fill the remainder of one term, due to expire in 1871 for the seat once held by Brown, but was determined to fill the other unexpired term, ending in 1875, with a white candidate.12 Black legislators agreed to the deal, believing, as Revels recalled, that an election of one of their own would “be a weakening blow against color line prejudice.” The Democratic minority also endorsed the plan, hoping a black Senator would “seriously damage the Republican Party.”13 After three days and seven ballots, on January 20, 1870, the Mississippi state legislature voted 85 to 15 to seat Hiram Revels in Brown’s former seat. They chose Union General Adelbert Ames to fill Davis’s former seat.

Revels arrived in Washington at the end of January 1870, but could not present his credentials until Mississippi was readmitted to the United States on February 23. Senate Republicans sought to swear in Revels immediately afterwards, but Senate Democrats were determined to block the effort. Led by Senator Garrett Davis of Kentucky and Senator Willard Saulsbury of Delaware, the Democrats claimed Revels’s election was null and void, arguing that Mississippi was under military rule and lacked a civil government to confirm his election. Others claimed Revels was not a U.S. citizen until the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 and was therefore ineligible to become a U.S. Senator. Senate Republicans rallied to his defense. Though Revels would not fill Davis’s seat, the symbolism of a black man’s admission to the Senate after the departure of the former President of the Confederacy was not lost on Radical Republicans. Nevada Senator James Nye underlined the significance of this event: “[Jefferson Davis] went out to establish a government whose cornerstone should be the oppression and perpetual enslavement of a race because their skin differed in color from his,” Nye declared. “Sir, what a magnificent spectacle of retributive justice is witnessed here today! In the place of that proud, defiant man, who marched out to trample under foot the Constitution and the laws of the country he had sworn to support, comes back one of that humble race whom he would have enslaved forever to take and occupy his seat upon this floor.”14 On the afternoon of February 25, the Senate voted 48 to 8 to seat Revels, who subsequently received assignments to the Committee on Education and Labor and the Committee on the District of Columbia.

Although Revels viewed himself as “a representative of the State, irrespective of color,” he also represented freedmen and, as such, received petitions from black men and women from all states.15 His sense that he represented his entire race was evident in his maiden speech, in which he spoke in favor of reinstating black legislators forced from office in Georgia. In April 1868, Georgia voters had ratified the state’s constitution, enfranchising African Americans and thus, under the terms of Congressional Reconstruction, taking a necessary step toward the state’s re–admission to the Union. In the same election, Georgians sent 29 black legislators to the state house of representatives and three to the state senate. Yet, when the legislature met in July, moderate white Republicans joined Democrats in both chambers to unseat the black members, arguing that the state constitution did not permit black officeholders. Spurred to action, black Georgians appealed to Congress for federal intervention before Georgia was readmitted to the Union. On March 16, 1870, before a packed chamber and a gallery filled with black men and women, Revels argued that the North and the Republican Party owed Georgian black legislators their support: “I remarked that I rose to plead for protection for the defenseless race that now send their delegation to the seat of Government to sue for that which this Congress alone can secure to them. And here let me say further, that the people of the North owe to the colored race a deep obligation that is no easy matter to fulfill.”16 In his speech, Revels professed his loyalty to and faith in the Republican Party, claiming, “the Republican party is not inflamed, as some would … have the country believe, against the white population of the South. Its borders are wide enough for all truly loyal men to find within them some peace and repose from the din and discord of angry faction.”17 The Georgia legislature eventually agreed to a congressional mandate reinstating the legislators as a requirement for re–entry into the Union in July 1870.18

Revels also favored universal amnesty for former Confederates, requiring only their sworn loyalty to the Union. “I am in favor of removing the disabilities of those upon whom they are imposed in the South, just as fast as they give evidence of having become loyal and being loyal,” Revels declared. “If you can find one man in the South who gives evidence that he is a loyal man, and gives that evidence in the fact that he has ceased to denounce the laws of Congress as unconstitutional, has ceased to oppose them, and respects them and favors the carrying of them out, I am in favor of removing his disabilities.”19 Revels’s support for the bill, which eventually passed, solidified his reputation as a political moderate.

Although Revels sided with Radical Republicans in opposing Ohio Senator Allen Thurman’s amendment perpetuating segregated schools in the District of Columbia, his views on social integration of blacks and whites were less sanguine than those of his colleagues. Revels clearly rejected legal separation of the races, believing it led to animosity between blacks and whites, but he did not view forced social mixing as desirable or necessary. He cited mixed–race churches in northern cities, where a congregation would worship together on Sundays but part ways for the remainder of the week. In one of his most gripping floor speeches, he said: “I find that the prejudice in this country to color is very great, and I sometimes fear that it is on the increase…. If the nation should take a step for the encouragement of this prejudice against the colored race, can they have any grounds upon which to predicate a hope that Heaven will smile upon them and prosper them?”20 As a former teacher, Revels appreciated the need to educate freed slaves, claiming, “The colored race can be built up and assisted … in acquiring property, in becoming intelligent, valuable, useful citizens, without one hair upon the head of any white man being harmed.”21 Revels believed the abolition of segregation statutes would result in less prejudice, saying, “Let lawmakers cease to make the difference, let school trustees and school boards cease to make the difference, and the people will soon forget.”22

With mixed results, Revels also promoted Black Americans’ civil rights by less conventional means. In May 1870, he startled the military establishment when he nominated black candidate Michael Howard to the U.S. Army Military Academy at West Point, long a bastion of southern white gentlemen. Revels knew Howard’s parents, former slaves, and Howard’s father had served in the state legislature. Critics claimed Revels callously and publicly humiliated the youth, who had little formal education and was not admitted to West Point, and supporters claimed the school administration’s prejudice had blocked Howard’s entrance.23 Additionally, Revels successfully appealed to the War Department on behalf of black mechanics from Baltimore who were barred from working at the U.S. Navy Yard in early 1871, an accomplishment he recalled with great pride. 24

After the expiration of his Senate term on March 3, 1871, Revels declined several patronage positions, offered by President Ulysses S. Grant at the recommendation of Senators Oliver Morton of Indiana and Zachariah Chandler of Michigan. He returned to Mississippi to become the first president of Alcorn University (formerly Oakland College), named for his political ally Governor James Alcorn. Located in Rodney, Mississippi, Alcorn University was the first land–grant school in the United States for black students.25 Revels took a leave of absence in 1873 to serve as Mississippi’s interim secretary of state after the sudden death of his friend James Lynch. During this period, Revels grew more critical of the corruption in the Republican Party, and he resigned from his position at Alcorn in 1874 to avoid being removed by his political rival and former Senate colleague, then–Mississippi Governor Adelbert Ames. Revels returned to the ministry, taking a pastorate at a church in Holly Springs, Mississippi. In the violent and controversial 1875 election campaign, he supported several Democrats. In 1876, when a U.S. Senate select committee questioned him about the well–documented fraud and violence in the previous year’s election, Revels testified that to the best of his knowledge, conditions had been relatively peaceful and he was unaware of any widespread violence. His statement was met with skepticism by many Mississippi black voters. Revels returned to his former position as president of Alcorn University in July 1876. He also edited the Southwestern Christian Advocate newspaper, the official organ of the AME Church. Revels retired in 1882 and returned to his former church in Holly Springs. He remained active in the religious community, teaching theology at Shaw University (later Rust College) in Holly Springs, Mississippi, and serving as the AME’s district superintendent. He died of a paralytic stroke in Aberdeen, Mississippi, on January 16, 1901, while attending a religious conference.
 
Jim Crow


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Alabama in 1956. Picture by Gordon Parks.
Jim Crow (1877-1967?) was the way of life in the American South for about a hundred years after the black slaves were freed. It kept the races separate with blacks at the bottom. It fed on fear. The laws that it was built on were torn down in the 1950s and 1960s by Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther King, Jr and others in the civil rights movement.
Many older white Americans are still Jim Crow racists
in their thinking, but most younger whites are colour-blind racists.
Jim Crow was named after one of the main blackface characters from the old minstrel shows of the 1800s.
Under Jim Crow blacks (then called coloureds) went to separate schools, hospitals, waiting rooms and so on. They had to sit at the back of the bus. In most cases they were not allowed to eat with white people, much less marry them. They could not call white people by their first names – they always had to show them respect. Blacks could not vote in elections or hold public office. They could not even kiss in public.
If you did not know your place as a black person you were dealt with. First white people would break your windows or burn a cross in front of your house as a warning. If that was not enough, then they would come and lynch you: beat you up and then kill you by hanging you from a tree. That is what Billie Holiday sings about in “Strange Fruit”.
The Ku Klux Klan was behind much of this violence. They were white men dressed in white sheets with two eye holes and a point at top. They kept blacks down by striking terror into their hearts.
The sheriff and the judge in town knew what was going on but they looked the other way. Because blacks could not vote or stand for office, the government and courts were completely white. Even the juries.
In those days no white man was ever thrown in prison for raping a black woman, much less put to death. But a black man or even a black boy could turn up dead for so much as whistling at a white woman, like Emmett Till. His killers would walk free.
The stated reason for Jim Crow was to keep the white race pure. If blacks were equal to whites, then the races would mix. The South, which is mainly white, would become mainly brown. The white race would be destroyed.
Jim Crow laws even had the backing of the highest court in the land. In 1896 the Supreme Court said that it was not unjust to separate blacks from whites so long as everything was kept equal. Only in 1954 did it come to see that in practice separate meant unequal. In 1967 it said blacks could marry whites.
Jim Crow as law was now dead. But, as we saw in 2006 in Jena, it still seems to live on in the hearts of some white people.
 
Apple-pie America


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Apple-pie America is that part of America where nearly everyone is white and well-off, happy and innocent. The bad in the world always seems to be somewhere else – in a bad part of town, in a bad part of the world, in a bad part of history. Always there, never here. And when on occasion it is here, like with 9/11, then it is because madmen from somewhere else are behind it.

Its golden age was in the 1950s. From about 1955 to 1975, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam war and Watergate destroyed the faith of many. But now that most Americans are too young to remember those things, apple-pie America is making a comeback.

Judging from Obama’s speech on race in March 2008, most Americans seem to believe in it.

To see if you live in apple-pie America, take this simple true/false test (for Americans only):

  1. America has done some bad things in the past, but it has got past all that.
  2. America makes mistakes, but it is well-meaning, not evil.
  3. Before the war in Iraq, Bush believed Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction.
  4. I am not racist.
  5. I pretty much believe what I read in the newspapers or hear on the news.
  6. I trust the police.
  7. Most poor people are black.
  8. People are poor mainly because they are unwilling to work hard and better themselves.
  9. People overseas hate America for no good reason.
  10. People say bad things about America because they hate it.
Your score: Count the number of true statements: ten times that number is the probability that you live in apple-pie America.

If you do, then you are suffering from what is called moral blindness. You are like the daughter of a crimelord or a slaveowner: you want to enjoy the wealth and power but not think too much about where it comes from.

America is rich and powerful for some good and honest reasons, like market forces, as well as plain luck, but also for some bad and evil ones. That is why people from overseas hate America so much. That is why some of them felt the need to give their lives to knock down the Twin Towers in New York. Do not fool yourself.

Most black Americans do not seem to believe in apple-pie America, much less live there. Their forefathers came to the country as slaves and they see how white people are still acting. They are not fooled.

But most white Americans do seem to believe in it, whether they live there or not.

This difference between black and white America is causing trouble for Barack Obama, a black man who would be president. The things his wife and his minister said come from beyond the apple pie and unsettles many who live inside it.

Obama’s speech on race tried to smooth over this difference. But the trouble is, it is not just his wife and his minister who do not believe in the apple pie: neither does he.
 
sundown towns


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Sundown towns (1890-1968 ) were white-only towns in America where blacks and others were not allowed to live. There were thousands of them. They were outlawed in 1968 by the Fair Housing Act.

The name comes from signs at the edge of town warning blacks to leave by sundown. One sign in Hawthorne, California in the 1930s said, “******, don’t let the sun set on you in Hawthorne.” Blacks were allowed in town during the day to work but had to leave before nightfall.

Most sundown towns were not in the South, like you might think, but in the North and Midwest. The South kept the races separate and unequal with Jim Crow laws. In the North and Midwest many towns simply drove blacks out, especially in the 1890s, and kept them out. Blacks lost their land and houses and sometimes their lives.

It was not just blacks who were affected by this sort of thing. To a lesser degree so were Jews, Chinese, Mexicans and Native Americans, sometimes even Catholics. Idaho, for example, was once a third Chinese. That was before the whites drove them out.

These towns were not just here and there in lost little corners of the country. They were everywhere. President George W. Bush grew up in one. So did Emily Post, Edgar Rice Burroughs (who gave us Tarzan), Joe McCarthy (who drove out Communists) and Dale Carnegie.

Levittown on Long Island in New York state was one. It became the model for white suburbia – not just in its look-alike houses, but also in its Wonder Bread whiteness. No blacks lived there. Not because blacks could not afford it, but because whites were not allowed to sell their houses to them!

William Levitt, himself a Jew, said, “If we sell one house to a Negro family, then 90 to 95 percent of our white customers will not buy.”

Some other notable sundown towns: Darien, Connecticut, Grosse Pointe, Michigan, Tarzana, California and Cicero, Illinois.

A sundown town might have one or two black families, but no more were allowed to move in.

Whenever I return to America from overseas I know I am back home because I see black people again. Blacks are part of what America is. Even in Alaska.

So when a town has no blacks or just one or two families, it is unnatural. It means blacks are being kept out somehow.

Before 1968 towns could keep blacks out by law and by violence. The police or the good white people would throw them out – or sometimes even kill them.

But now there are other ways to keep a place nearly all white, like redlining. So the same thing still goes on today but by different means.

The proof of this is just how white the white suburbs are. Almost 90% of suburban whites live in places that are less than 1% black! Whites see nothing wrong with that – in a country where 9% of the middle class is black!

White suburbia has taken the place of the old sundown towns.
 
How white people think(who cares)

Much that goes on in the hearts of white Americans is a mystery to me. They do not think like me. What follows is my take on those in the broad middle in 2008. Some are better than this, but some are far worse:

Almost all white Americans are racist. The truth is it is very hard to grow up in America without becoming racist – no matter what colour your skin is. Blacks are racist too.

Whites seem to think that so long as they do not join the Ku Klux Klan and do not use certain words they are not racist. They are blind to their own racism because it does not affect them.

White people barely think about black people. It is like in those television shows where everyone is white except the judge. Most live in an all-white world, like on “Friends”.

Most do not even see themselves as white – they are just people. After all, they do not speak English with an accent, eat special foods or observe strange holidays. Everyone else does, but not them!

White people generally give each other the benefit of the doubt, but they do not extend it to blacks.

If you are black you are constantly doubted in their eyes. They think you are:


  • less moral than you are,
  • less hard-working than you are,
  • less talented than you are,
  • less trustworthy than you are,
  • less honourable than you are,
  • less intelligent than you are,
  • less rich than you are,
  • less well-read than you are.
You have to be twice as good before they can even begin to see past your blackness.

Whites might think you are better at dancing or sports, that you are even cooler than they are, but do not be fooled: at the very same time they will also think you are more violent and immoral than they are and have less education and money too.

Rather than giving you the benefit of the doubt on these points until they find out more, like they do with well-dressed white people, they will just assume.

If you are different from white people, they seem to think there must be something wrong with you – even if they cannot say what. And if you are black, they seem to think you were born with a crack in your soul.

There has been progress:
the whites who look at me with hate in their eyes are mostly older ones. To some degree younger whites are better at hiding their racism, even from themselves, but it seems like the old heat is gone from them.

But things like certain rap videos do not help: they play right into the worst ideas whites have about blacks as being violent, oversexed, ill-mannered and not particularly bright.

Neither does the near invisibility of the black middle class help. Nearly half of black America is now middle-class – something you would never know from watching television.

I hope my grandchildren will not understand this post. No one should have to
 
minstrel show


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Minstrel shows (1843-1950s) were one of the main forms of entertainment in America in the middle 1800s. White men (and later black men too) would paint their faces black – called blackface – and then sing and dance and make whites laugh at black people. At the time whites considered it to be wholesome family entertainment.

Most songs that Americans know from the 1800s come from either church or the minstrel show. Songs such as “Dixie”, “Camptown Races”, “Oh Susannah”, “Old Folks Home” and “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” started out as songs in minstrel shows.

The minstrel show started in 1843
. In a land without television, minstrel acts travelled America, and even England, going from town to town. They also played on Broadway. In the 1860s New York had 20 separate minstrel shows going at the same time! (The more I find out about the past the worse it gets.)

In the 1880s vaudeville grew out of the middle, singing part of the minstrel show. Vaudeville killed off its parent. By the 1920s minstrel shows no longer made money, but amateur ones lasted into the 1950s.

The radio show “Amos ‘n’ Andy” and Al Jolson’s blackface character in “The Jazz Singer” (1927), the first full-length film with sound, grew out of the old minstrel shows.

Al Jolson, a Jew who came to America from Russia, was perhaps one of the greatest American performers of all time. He got his start in minstrel shows. He was better in blackface than in his own face. He said blackface made him freer.

Blackface is older than the minstrel show. By the 1790s there were travelling shows in America that had blackface characters. Jim Crow, who would later become one of the main characters in the minstrel shows, started in 1828. But it was not till 1843 that whole shows were based on blackface. White people could not get enough of it.

Blackface is still with us
in 2008, by the way. Look at Shirley Q. Liquor.

In the late 1800s blacks started performing in minstrel shows. They wore blackface too: their own skin was not black enough. In those days it was about the only way for blacks to make a living as a performer. One of them wrote a huge hit song of the 1890s: “All Coons Look Alike To Me”.

This came at a huge cost: the laughable images of blacks that minstrel shows spread lived on in the minds of white people for years.

Minstrel shows painted blacks as a people who sang and danced and laughed their troubles away. They did not mind being slaves or being poor.

The minstrel show is dead but something very much like it has arisen since the late 1990s: hip hop songs and music videos that picture blacks as violent and oversexed. Most of the people who watch and listen to them are not black but white. Those images will live on in the minds of white people for years.
 
blackface


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Blackface (1750- ) is where an entertainer makes his face black to play a black character. Mostly white men did it to make a laughingstock of black men. In the 1800s the whole minstrel show industry in America was built on it. Al Jolson, Bing Crosby, Judy Garland, Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny have all done blackface. It is how Mickey Mouse got his white gloves.

Blackface became rare after the 1950s, thanks in part to the NAACP. Bugs Bunny last did blackface in 1953.

Although now much rarer, it is still with us in 2008. Look at Shirley Q. Liquor, a white man who plays a black welfare queen. It is mean stuff. You also hear about whites doing it from time to time at universities.

A gentler form of blackface
is still seen in film and television, as when Fred Armisen (white and Asian) plays Barack Obama on “Saturday Night Live” and Angelina Jolie (white) played Mariane Pearl in “A Mighty Heart” (2007). A curious thing in a country with so much black acting talent.

At least until 1930 whites thought blackface characters were true to life. Even Mark Twain thought so. Part of the attraction of the minstrel show was that it was supposed to be a window onto black life. While it was based on music and dance that was at least part black, most of it was stereotype. Yet it shaped how whites saw blacks.

Blackface
seems to go back as far as 1750. By the 1790s blackface characters began to appear in the travelling shows that crossed America.

In the early 1830s a white man named T. Daddy Rice came to New York and made blackface big. He had a song, “Jump Jim Crow”, and an amazing dance to go with it, which he did in blackface. Some say he took the song and dance from a black man in Ohio. It became a huge hit, not just in America but in Britain too.

Soon, by the early 1840s, whole shows were based on blackface characters. These were the minstrel shows. White people could not get enough of them. They became their main form of family entertainment till the 1880s. Minstrel shows started dying out in the 1920s.

Blacks also did blackface. It was about the only way to make a living as a performer in the late 1800s. They painted their faces black too: their skin was not dark enough. The Apollo Theater in Harlem had blacks performing in blackface as late as the 1940s.

Blackface was so much a part of American life that it appeared in the first full-length film that had sound, “The Jazz Singer” (1927). In it Al Jolson sings “My Mammy” in blackface.

Al Jolson was at his best in blackface. He said it made him freer. If you watch him do the same song in blackface and then in his own face you see what he means: as strange as blackface seems now, he seems even stranger performing in his own face. Because you expect white men to be more reserved than that.
 
coloured


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Coloured, written as “colored” in America, is a word that has been applied to people who are not white. It has meant different things at different times and places. It is still current in South Africa and neighbouring countries, but in Britain and America it is somewhere between dated and offensive. That is why when Lindsay Lohan lately informed us that Barack Obama will be the first coloured president of America, she put her foot in her mouth.

In the 1700s the word meant anyone who was not white. It was close to what the terms non-white and people of colour mean now, but back then it took in Italians and Jews – anyone who was noticeably darker-skinned than an Englishman.

In Britain
that is the meaning it had until the 1950s, though at some point Italians and Jews crossed over to white (when and how?) and the word came to mean anyone darker than a European. This is how Winston Churchill used the word when he said too many coloured people were coming to Britain. like from the Caribbean and South Asia. After the 1960s the word began to seem dated and fell out of respectable use.

In America before 1830 “coloured” was mainly applied to mixed-race Africans, people who were part black and part white. They were sometimes called “brown”. By the 1830s, “coloured” took the place of “African” as the main word most black people used when talking about themselves. “African” fell from grace in the early 1800s because whites were talking about sending Africans back to Africa! “Coloured” was the main word David Walker used in the 1820s, Frederick Douglass in the 1840s, and Solomon Northup in the 1850s. It is the C in NAACP.

Under Jim Crow
(1877-1967), its use spread to “Colored Only” signs and working-class whites.

By the early 1900s, among both blacks and whites,”coloured” was the main working-class word for black people. “Negro”, meanwhile, was the main middle-class word, the kind you would see in the newspaper, a book or a government report.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the word “black” swept away both “Negro” and “coloured”. By the late 1980s, “African American” became the new middle-class word.

In 2008, you can still hear the word “coloured” in old Hollywood films and from very old people – much older than Miss Lohan.

In South Africa the word is still current but came to mean something else: those who were neither white nor black but mixed. There is no One Drop Rule in South Africa. Under apartheid there were four races: White, Black, Coloured and Indian, all with capital letters. Coloureds were above Blacks but below Whites. Most are part black and part white, but many are mixed with other things too, like Javanese. In fact, they are the most racially mixed people in the world. Some want to replace it with the word “brown”.
 
I hope he had a slow painful death!!



Death of ‘a devil’: The white supremacist got hit by a car. His victims celebrated.


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He built his career on the systematic oppression of blacks and Native Americans, becoming one of the country’s most influential white supremacists. For more than three decades, from 1912 until 1946, Walter Ashby Plecker used his position as head of Virginia’s Bureau of Vital Statistics to champion policies designed to protect what he considered a master white race.

He was the father of the state’s Racial Integrity Act of 1924, which designated every person in the state as either white or “colored” and criminalized interracial marriage. Plecker insisted that any person with a single drop of “Negro” blood couldn’t be classified as white, and he refused to even acknowledge that Native Americans existed in the commonwealth, effectively erasing their legal identities.
Google memorializes the Silent Parade when 10,000 black people protested lynchings
Then, on Aug. 2, 1947 — one year after his retirement — Plecker stepped into a road in the Confederacy’s former capital and was hit by a car. Blacks and Indians had good reason to celebrate.
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“Dr. Plecker, 86, Rabid Racist, Killed by Auto,” read the headline of his obituary in the Richmond Afro-American.
“Dr. Plecker spent most of the years of his life in a vain effort to convince the nation and the world of the ‘dire effects’ of intermarriage between person of the colored and white races,” the story read. “He was still at it when the auto snuffed out his life Saturday.”
A separate column in the black newspaper described Plecker’s death this way: “We mention his passing here not to mourn him, but to applaud the fact that race haters of this type are disappearing from the scene.”

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A column on the death of Walter Plecker that appeared in the Richmond Afro-American on Aug. 23, 1947.
In an extensive profile of Plecker that was published in 2004, the Virginian-Pilot noted that it was long rumored he’d been killed by a bus.

“I know it’s kind of cruel to say this, but I hope the last thing he saw was an Indian driving that bus,” said the daughter of Lacy Branham Hearl, a Native American whose family had been torn apart by Plecker’s legislation. (The story noted it was a car, driven by a motorist whose race remains unknown, that actually killed him.)
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“I thought Plecker was a devil,” Hearl added. “Still do.”
His efforts were so destructive that Indian tribes, unable to clearly trace their heritages, struggled for decades to receive federal recognition.
In a 2015 Washington Post story about the issue, Steve Adkins, chief of the Chickahominy tribe, smiled when he talked about Plecker’s death and said: “That was good for us.”

“He told us we had no right to exist as people,” said Powhatan Red Cloud-Owen, a Vietnam veteran who belongs to the 850-member Chickahominy tribe. “He tried to destroy a people like Hitler did. It was a genocide inside of this great country of ours.”
Plecker, a physician known among his colleagues for never smiling, might not have argued with that assessment. He admired aspects of the Nazis’ approach. From the Pilot story:
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In 1935, Plecker wrote to Walter Gross, the director of Germany’s Bureau of Human Betterment and Eugenics. He outlined Virginia’s racial purity laws and asked to be put on a mailing list for bulletins from Gross’ department. Plecker complimented the Third Reich for sterilizing 600 children in Algeria who were born to German women and black men. “I hope this work is complete and not one has been missed,” he wrote. “I sometimes regret that we have not the authority to put some measures in practice in Virginia.”

In fact, Virginia had its own sterilization law, the Eugenical Sterilization Act, that was enacted the same year as the Racial Integrity Act. It allowed the state to sterilize 7,000 people “afflicted with hereditary forms of insanity that are recurrent, idiocy, imbecility, feeble-mindedness or epilepsy.” In 2015, the Virginia General Assembly agreed to pay those who were forcibly sterilized $25,000 as compensation. Officials knew of only 11 victims who were still alive.
As deplorable as Plecker sounds in 2017, he was admired by many seven decades ago. Three days after his death, the Daily Press in Newport News published a fawning remembrance.
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Virginians who had never met him “owe him a debt,” the story said, insisting that the statistics bureau had collected data “of inestimable medical and general value.”

“This work was carried on quietly and unobtrusively,” the story continued, commending Plecker for avoiding the “limelight.”
Plecker, it concluded without irony, “was content to do his duty and let the results speak for themselves.”
 
Good read!!


5 Million Indigenous Americans Present When Columbus Arrive



Prior to 1720, slavery was 9/10's times higher among Natives (Indigenous Black) people than Africans imported from Africa for the slave trade.

Native Americans were reclassified as Colored (Racial Integrity Act 1924). Jim Crow Laws were a set of oppressive laws not only used for segregation but also reclassified Native American Indians into the category of Colored. Jim Crow reached its greatest influence during the decades of 1910, 1920, and 1930. Among the Jim Crow Laws were Hypo Descent Laws. The laws were responsible for the “One-Drop” Rule. Tennessee adopted the statute in 1910, and Louisiana soon followed. Then Texas and Arkansas in 1911, Mississippi in 1917, North Carolina in 1923 followed suit.

Fact: The State of North Carolina's vital records began using the law in labeling Native Americans as Colored BEFORE Walter Plecker initiated it in Virginia. Birth records were also "delayed" in states enforcing the one-drop rule, they were filed late to make the racial changes.

As a registrar, Dr. Walter Plecker directed the reclassification of nearly all Virginia Indians as "Colored" on their birth and marriage certificates because he was convinced that most Indians had African heritage and were trying to "pass" as Indians to evade segregation.

Consequently, two or three generations of Virginia Natives had their ethnic identity altered on public documents. Plecker's tampering with vital records of the Virginia Indian tribes made it impossible for descendants of six of the eight tribes recognized by the state to gain federal recognition because they could no longer prove their American Indian ancestry by documented historical continuity (Paper Genocide: http://www.papergenocide.org). White census takers during the 1800s were instructed to ignore Native American heritage and paint mostly southern states in America with either Black or White populations.

Most of the Great Plains Indians from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico were African Indigenous Americans. Forget what you have been taught in school…..even now history is being re-written and re-shaped. For example, the Lakota/Dakota were Asiatic Indians of the Great Basin, not the Great Plains.....but they are now being re-classified and re-written as Plains Indians. In the 1770s, there were 1 million Europeans inside the Americas…..and in the Great Plains, there were around 5 million Indigenous Americans. Had these groups been in contact, perhaps the history of Tulapit Wapakisinep (Turtle Island - the Name for the Americas before Amerigo Vespucci put his name on the map) would have turned out differently.

Keep two things in mind: The first: 1) When did various groups of humanity stabilize? The second: 2) All life on our planet began in Africa. The species known as Homo Sapiens split into 6 Variants around 200,000 B.C. (Elongated Variant; Khartoum Variant; Nilotic Variant; Khoisan Variant; Twa Variant; and Broad West African Variant). -- In conclusion: The genotype of all humanity is those 6 African Genotypic Variants.

The later stabilizations of Africans who migrated out-of-Africa into Asia stabilized less than 20,000 years ago. Asiatic European phenotypes stabilized about 18,000 B.C. and Asiatic Oriental phenotypes stabilized 8,000 B.C. The dated groups found throughout the Americas or globally have been recorded as being present before those time periods of 18,000 B.C. In other words, European phenotypes appeared around 18,000 B.C. and Oriental phenotypes about 8,000 B.C. What that tells us is that White and Oriental people appeared much later than did the original Homo Sapiens. This also confirms Anta Diop's studies of Orientals as the admixture of Black and White.

A recent study from the University of Pittsburgh did a Native American DNA comparison in 2008 to find out how many African Americans had Native American Genes. The research study was trying to substantiate that only 4% of African Americans carry the Native American gene and negates or disclaims the Indigenous American/Negroid connection. The study goes on to say that some of the Native American DNA markers showing up in African Americans are the result of a White ancestor who was mixed with Native American, and he or she married a Black person. This evidence has no DNA, historical, or artifact evidence in support.

Not only does DNA evidence exist, but also a language connection between Africa and the Eastern Seaboard Natives of the Americas. When examining the origin of the VAL script (writing system), it is found very similar to the Cherokee Script and Sub-Saharan African Scripts of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Mende (Tuchecherer, Konrad, Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the Origin of the VAL Script, Vol 29, 2002, p 427-486).

Genomic (chromosome) evidence indicates the Amerind Gene B, C, and D are descended from African females before they migrated out of Africa 125,000 - 200,000 years ago. Evidence of the Black presence in America exists because of relationships between the Amerind (Amerindian) and the African family of languages, artifacts, and archeological evidence left behind.

The second thing to realize is that history, as reported by each country around the world, is politically biased and used to promote "that country's idea" about itself meaning--Countries who win the wars write the history books. Examples: Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo were the greatest artists of all time by the Western world. Da Vinci painted Jesus White in the Last Supper and Michelangelo painted The Creation of Adam on the Sistine Chapel ceiling illustrating the Biblical creation narrative from the Book of Genesis. After 600 years of indoctrination by the Western world, who wouldn't the world think Jesus was White?

The argument exists in world history that the Vikings and Celts sailed to America before Columbus. The ancient Celts and first Vikings (early Europeans) were Black people. The Celts on the mainland of Europe were called Iberians or Silures. The original Celts were the Iberians. The Iberians were conquered by the Ligurians. The Ligurians are represented by the modern Basque of Spain. Genetic evidence linking the Basque and Niger-Congo speakers. Both groups share SRY10831.1, YAP, M2,M173(xR1a,R1b3), E3*-P2, E3b2-M81 . This linguistic and genetic evidence supports the African origin of the Celts.


The Ligurians took the name Celt. Inscriptions found in North America were written by Mande speaking people from Mali who settled many parts of the Americas after 1300 A.D. The Celts were originally Black or Ethiopian people according to the ancient Greek historian Ephorus (405 BC). Tacitus, an ancient Roman historian, wrote about the Celts and the Picts being Black in 80 A.D. The Celts on the mainland of Europe were Iberians or Silures. Although the original Celts were Black, Europeans eventually claimed the name “Celt.” (Imhotep, Ph. D., David The First Americans Were Africans, 2011).

Father Eugene O’Growney discusses the history of the Celts who were Iberians--conquered by the Ligurians and procured the name “Celt.” Gaulish-speaking people conquered the Ligurians/Celts. The Gauls conquered the Ligurians and pushed them into Spain. Genetic and linguistic evidence exists that the Basque present a Niger-Congo substratum sharing personal pronouns, numerals and certain vocabulary. Genetic evidence exists linking the Basque and Niger-Congo speakers. The linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that both groups had this same ancestry of African origin (Imhotep, Ph. D., David. The First Americans Were Africans, 2011).

Africans may have been transported to the Americas as slaves, but when the enslaved Africans from the slave ships arrived, Black people were already present. The research exists that tells of Abukakari II from Mali arrived 200 years before Columbus. And even before that, Africans from the era of the Egyptian Dynasties arrived between 3100 - 2100 B. C. (Ohenyan Nomad). Coastal Migration makes more sense than people slipping and sliding down ice caps.

Luzia Woman on the right is the 11,500-year-old skeleton of a Paleo-Indian woman found in a cave in Brazil. She is believed to be among the group of the first Americas immigrants and is the oldest dated skeleton found in 1975. When Columbus arrived, he enslaved the Native Americans in Cuba, Hispaniola, and the Bahamas in 1495 - 1544. Is that why Lewis and Clark (1804) needed a Black guide on their journey across the Western part of the US to communicate with other Black Native Americans?

The African Diaspora is well documented and refers to the communities throughout the world who are descended from the historic movement of people from Africa around the globe between 125,000 - 200,000 years ago. That may account for the African hair ornaments and picks found in the United States around New York and also the mounds and pyramids in Great Lakes Region, Ohio, Illinois, West Virginia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, and other areas. Haven't you ever wondered why every country has an indigenous Black population before Columbus sailed?

The Washitaw Nation was a civilization of Pyramid and Mound builders who had a maritime civilization and trade with Africa before Columbus. The Washitaw Nation, the Afro-Darienite, the Choco Region Blacks of Columbia, the Garifuna who are of pre-Columbian and prehistoric origins. The Washitaw Nation built the first empire in the Southern U.S. and Mississippi Valley and once owned the entire Louisiana Purchase Territories, which were annexed. In 1991, the U.S. returned about 70,000 square acres after the Washitaw won a court battle.

http://www.pyramidsinamerica.com/Pyramids_in_America_Home/Home_of_Pyramids_in_America.html

The Blackbelt included an area around the globe as far north as Siberia and as far south as Australian and New Zealand. The entire area was peopled by the proto-historic Negroid racial type, which is what most Africans see Aboriginals and other Blacks in Asia and the Pacific ask. Why, because there are tribes in Africa that have features identical to the Australian Aborigines, the Turabian Islanders, and the Melanesians. Also, there are cultural traits found in Africa that are also found in Australia and Melanesia, India and other places.

As for the Black people of Melanesia, such as the Fijians, New Caledonia, and others also began settling Asia and the Pacific in proto-historic times back to about 100,000 years ago, most lived in China, SE Asia, and the landmass before the Mongoloids began expanding southwards and pushing the Blacks out of Asia. Yet, according to some Fijians the President of the Fijian community in Los Angles (California), some of their people were still migrating from Africa about 2000 years before Christ, While Ben Tangghamma, the former Foreign Minister of Papua New Guinea pointed in the book, The Black Untouchables of India, that all the Blacks of Asia have African roots and connections going back to proto-historic times about 100,000 years ago.

The boomerang was a common weapon for hunting small game in Africa about 10,000 to 20,000 years ago [a fact that may mean Australian Aborigines and Native Africans interacted]. Cave paintings in the Sahara which was wet during that time show hunters with boomerangs as well as bows and arrows. Do the Australian Aborigines use the bow and arrow? If no, then they may have left Africa before its invention. Another cultural trait is skin scarification. This is common in Africa as well as Melanesia and perhaps Australian as well. [In Australia].

The language spoken by Australian Aborigines have characteristics in the suffix and prefix forms that are identical to African languages [all 200 Australian Aboriginal languages?] particularly the Mende Language family, which was once widespread throughout the Sahara and was spread to India by Blacks who migrated to India in proto-historic times.

The Aborigines are related to many ethnic groups in Africa. Among them are the Tibbou, who have characteristics identical to Aborigines, others are the Nagas, who are spread from West Africa to Sudan to South Arabia all the way east to Indo China. The Nagas are Blacks are Negro.

An explanation for the origins of the Aborigines in the Americas was actually from Australia--The Negritoes: "The origins of the Australian Aborigines have never been a mystery to Africans. As far as Africans are concerned, the Australian Aborigines, Turabian Islanders, and Melanesians are all part of the proto-historic African Diaspora. However, what we have is not a mere migration of people to Australia but a wide 'Black belt' that circled the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones even before the 'evolution' of African migrants to Europe and Asia and the gradual change due to climatic adaptation into Caucasoid and Mongoloid (sic) 'races'. The point that the Aborigines currently were a part of a much larger and wider group of people spread around the world and are the same as African Negroes. It clearly shows that although Aboriginals migrated to Australia about 100,000 years ago were among the very first groups of people to migrate out of the African continent. (See The Black Untouchables of India by V.T. Rajsher, Runoko Rashidi www.saxakali.com, and Y.N. Kly, Clarity Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA)

The Negrito--Aborigines have been referenced because their history traces to 60,000 years ago. Many history books and scientific journals refer to the Australian Aborigines as 'Archaic White', however, from the African perspective, it was the Blacks who moved into Europe and Asia who gradually adapted to the temperature and differentiated to suit the climate. Thus, Whites should be called 'archaic black' rather than saying Aborigines are 'archaic white' unless they mean that the present day 'white' population of Europe once looked like the Black Aborigines...that has been a common belief.

However, they also migrated to Europe, the Americas, East Asia, and other places during the same period. According to many scientists and anthropologists who have done work on this issue, they were along with other Blacks the first people on this planet and were to be found on every continent. In fact, Blacks were also in the Americas as early as 75,000 BC according to C. S. Gladwin (The Gladwin Thesis, McGraw Hill Books,1947)

The very first Blacks who went to Europe, went there about the same time Aborigines migrated to Asia, Europe, and Australia. These Blacks are called 'Grimaldi Negroid'. They were homo-sapiens similar to modern humans and they were basically hunters; however, their social organization and culture were advanced.

The Blacks from whom the Australian Aborigines most likely came from still live in Africa and the migration of the cousins of the Aborigines did not stop about 60,000 years ago, nor did they migrate only to India, SE Asia, and Australia in proto-historic times. There is evidence that a group of Black African people called the 'Anu' who lived in northern Africa / Egypt and followed the Bear Cult (5000 BC and back to proto-historic times, see the book, African Presence in Early Asia, by Ivan Van Sertima, Transaction Publications, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA). They made a series of migrations to Asia. That is documented in ancient Egyptian texts. They were related to Aboriginals and were 'Negro' in color, features, and origins. Many went to northern Asia and China, others went to Japan.

People still exist today called 'Ainu' in Japan, who seem to have affinities close to Australian Aborigines and Africans and Melanesians. Anu is also a common African name and both the prefix and suffix. Today many are mixed, but a strong ‘Negroid’ racial characteristic can still be seen, although there is also a strong Mongoloid set of features as well. They have been said to have 'Caucasian' blood, however, some experts believe they are among these Blacks who once lived throughout Eastern Asia, and who later mixed with the Mongoloid to create the Polynesians, some Filipino and other groups in Asia today. (See the text. Susu Economics the History of Pan-African Trade, Commerce, Money and Wealth, ISBN# 1-58721-454-7, 1st Books Library, 2511 West Third Street, Suite 1, Bloomington, Indiana 47404 www1stbooks.com
 
Good info

Indigenous Definition


Indigenous means from the Earth. In researching efforts, if something in nature is titled "mysterious" or cannot be explained, then it most likely can be linked to Africa. When researching, become familiar with root words. Topics are disguised and may be hidden within the meaning of words. Pay strict attention to words used like Canaan, Phoenician, Hebrew, Semitic, Sumerians, Ancient Egyptian, Hamites--just to name a few. So it makes things easier if you look up every word using a dictionary or thesaurus. Using books for research is good--especially earlier books with copyright from 100 - 150 years ago before terms and topics were changed or became outdated. The library catalog is helpful. Researchers recommend databases that link to scholarly journals. The truth hides behind the term "scholarly" or "peer-reviewed." One scholar reinforces another scholar's beliefs or research that seems to be the same thing "warmed-over" again--instilling fallacies. The following is a great example. Most researchers say during Biblical times Egypt was inhabited by the Caucasian Race. If you do the research, you will find that Egypt was not invaded by Rome until 300 BC. Also, Ethiopia and Egypt are used interchangeably in the Bible. Who were these Caucasians? Most Americans are familiar with the Biblical Creationist Theory and the following verse from Genesis.

"And the Lord FORMED MAN of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living being." (Genesis 2:7) In Leviticus, the Bible talks about Leprosy turning the skin White. If a person's skin was already White, how could the disease of leprosy turn skin White? (Leviticus 13:3)

Books published in the 1800s give a clear view of the way things used to be before changing to comply with the political strategy and before PAPER GENOCIDE (Walter Plecker). "Four Letters On American History. First Letter", By Prof. Samuel Rafinesque to Dr. J.H. M'Culloh of Baltimore. Published by The 'Saturday Evening Post' on June 7, 1828.

The Indigenous American Negroes or Black (Natives) Indians, have been seen in Brazil, Guyana, Caraccas, Popayan, Choco, North California, &c. Some of them, such as the Aroras or Caroras of Cumana, were Black, but with fine features and long hair, like the Jolofs and Gallas of Africa. Others in New California, latitude 32, called Esteros, are like the Hottentots, Numuquas, Tambukis, and many other Nigritian tribes, not black, but dark brown, yet complete Negroes, with large thick lips, broad flat noses, and with hair crisped or curly. The Negro features belong to the form of the head rather than the color, since [there] are in Africa, Asia, and Polynesia, black, brown, yellow, olive, copper, (and even white) Negroes.

The American Negroes of Quarenqua, in Choco, (the great level plain 900 miles long, 90 wide, separating the Andes of South America from the mountains of Panama) were black and with woolly heads in 1506. They are mentioned by Dangleria, and all the early accurate writers. The last two travelers who have seen these Negroes, are Stevenson, (20 years travels in South America, London, 1825,) and Mollien, travels in Columbia, Paris, 1824.

Stevenson says that the Indians of Mannabi, comprising the districts of Esmeraldas, Rioverde, and Atacama, on the seashore of Popayan, are all Zambos, and produced by a ship full of Negroes who came in the country before the Spaniards, killed the former inhabitants, kept the women and formed a mixed race. They are tall, of a blackish color, with soft curly hair, large eyes, flat noses, thick lips, &c.; while the true Zambos, or modern offspring of Indians and Negroes are of deep copper color, with thick hair not curled, small eyes, sharp noses, and good lips.

Source: http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/PA/Phil1800.htm#060728

The field of physical anthropology is a little more than 100 years old. In 1804, the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark on expeditions into Missouri and then an overland expedition to the Pacific. Lewis and Clark were accompanied by what history books have titled (enslaved African--Toussaint Charbonneauas) and his wife Sacajawea of the Snake Tribe. In 1805, it is recorded in Lapham's Quarterly (Lewis and Clark Journals)--In some accounts, it is recorded Lewis and Clark needed an interpreter to communicate with the Natives more than they needed somebody to carry their bags. Why did Lewis and Clark need a "Black servant slave" to communicate with the "Indians" (Natives)? The Snake Tribe (1890) looks black in color if you look closely. The same story is akin to the story of the Egyptian baby Moses who was hidden by his mother Jochabed. She placed the baby in a basket and set him adrift on the Nile River so that he would not be one of the male children ordered by the Pharaoh slaughtered. Apparently, baby Moses did not stand out or look any different from other inhabitants of the land. What this says is that the Hebrew and Egyptians must have looked alike because Moses was able to blend in, live in, and grow up in the Pharaoh's castle. Hey, and he was from the era of the 18 Egyptian Dynasty.

What the Lewis and Clark Expeditions revealed was a multitude of mounds in the Ohio Valley and adjoining regions that go hand-in-hand in similarity with mounds found in the Peruvian, Mexican, and Central American countries. The mounds turned out to be "Indian remains." Anthropologists of the day explained: (1) The American Nations, excepting the Polar tribes (Eskimo), were of one Race and one Species, but of two great Families (Toltecan and Barbarous), which resemble each other in physical, but differ in intellectual character”; and (2) “That cranial remains discovered in the Mounds, from Peru to Wisconsin belong to the same race (the Indian), and probably to the Toltecan (Olmec) Family.” Here is what Samuel Morton, J.C. Nott, George R. Gliddon, George Peabody and Jeffries Wyman, the scientists of the day found. The reports: In 1849 cranial types from Gabon (A country of west-central Africa on the Atlantic Ocean. Previously inhabited by Pygmy and then Bantu-speaking peoples), Chimpanzees, bones of gorillas, bones of the Hottentot (a name for the Khoikhoi people). Irregularities of the dental arch, skulls and long bones existed in the skeletons that were found. The anthropologists called them Fellahs--which is a peasant or cultivator of the soil among the Egyptians and Syrians of the day. The first thing to be asked--Chimpanzees in the United States? Wow!

Pygmies (diminutive people) can still be found in the Congo, South and Central America, Andaman Islands, New Guinea, and the Philippines. Skeletons of diminutive people have been found in Tennessee, Brazil, Tierra del Fuego and Tasmania. What it indicates is that pygmies constituted a major pan-global population 75,000 years ago. Diminutive skulls have been found in Tennessee that were 3-4 feet tall and their cranium size was equivalent to a 7-year-old child.

In the book, The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, John Haywood describes "very large" bones in stone graves found in Williamson County, Tennessee in 1821. In White County Tennessee, an "ancient fortification" contained skeletons of gigantic stature averaging 7 feet in length. In 1921, large skeletons were found in the Humboldt Lake bed near Lovelock, Nevada. The skeletons measured 8-1/2 feet tall and appeared to have been wrapped in a gum-covered fabric like the ancient Egyptians. One skeleton was almost 10 feet Long. George W. Hill, dug out a skeleton in a mound of Ashland County, Ohio, in 1879 that was 9 feet eight-inch skeleton near Brewersville, Indiana. In 1875 construction workers uncovered three giant skeletons with strands of reddish hair clinging to the skulls. Read the article "Red Hair" on this website. The ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Sumerians, Semites, Ugaritics and Canaanites used henna to dye the hair and skin red. Presently, African tribes exist with red hair. Also, Australian Aborigines have blonde and reddish hair along with many titled "Black people" in the United States (Indigenous people). A local doctor examined the remains and ascertained the skeletons were approximately 8 feet tall. In fact, giant skeletons were found throughout Ohio and New York--Morrow County, Ohio in 1880, Ashtabula County, Ohio, 1878, Berwerville, Indiana 1879, Zanesville, Ohio, Warren, Minnesota, 1883, Kanawha County, West Virginia, 1884, and Toledo, Ohio 1895. The second thing to be asked--What, mummies found buried in the United States!

Before Columbus arrived, Pyramids Appeared in the Americas!

An Irish tradition recounts that brutal, warlike Fomorians who were described as "blue-black giants" invaded Ireland and the other British Isles in ships from Africa, and demanded children at Halloween time. They were finally driven north to the Hebrides Isles off northwest Scotland and to Tory Island off northwest Ireland in the deep Atlantic. From there, they preyed on the people of Ulster. The Fomorian giants were supposedly endowed with double-rows of teeth. In the upper Ohio Native traditions tell of "giants," and early settlers claimed they were digging up (from Lake Erie-to the Ohio River) the skeletons of "giants" with massive skulls and double rows of teeth have been found throughout America.
 
Good read and very interesting

Moor (Muur) Empire


Washitaw, Yamasee, Iroquois, Cherokee, Choctaw, Blackfoot, Pequot, Mohegan, Wampanoag (Mashpee) from MA & the Narragansett from RI (part of the Algonquin speaking tribes)
who are Indigenous People of America

In 1993, the United Nations Center for Human Rights recognized the Washitaw de Dugdahmoundyah Muur--Moor Empire as the Oldest Indigenous group of people on Earth. The registered Project # 215/93 ensued. Just read this. 12,000,000 slaves arrived in the Americas between 1540 and 1850 over—a 310-year period (according to US History books). If you look at the following facts of published material, we are living under another ideological part of American Revisionist History. Also, the following undermines the whole breadth and depth of what is written in American history books. By using simple calculations, the following information can be ascertained:

Over a period of 310 years, is it fair to say that 64,000 slaves were transported annually to the Americas (North, Central, and South) or has the transportation of slaves at the extent to which was claimed to the Americas one big myth?

12 million (12,000,000) Slaves were transported to the Americas (North, Central, South).

Statistics state the 13 Colonies had a total of 600,000 slaves. The first colony was Virginia 1585 - 1776.

Between 1770 through 1860, there were 4.5 million slaves in the United States

The largest seagoing vessel carried 400 slaves but not all the ships were that large.

The time of passage was 3 - 4 months. That means 200 vessels/ships per year would have to travel carrying 300 people. One ship could make 3 passages per year. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database says there were 1100 - 1400 voyages made over that 300-year period. If that is the case and each ship carried 400 people, the total number would be 560,000 Africans were transported. That number is close to the claim in Item 3 that says there were 600,000 slaves in the 13 colonies, (The chart shows 500,000) but that still does not add up.

Because of the way, humans were tightly packed one-half of them died en route.

In Item 4, there were 4.5 million slaves in the US in 1860. After the Civil War, 3.5 million slaves were freed.

Did Native American tribes help slaves escape or were Americans with African ancestry already part of the Native American Nations that existed before Columbus arrived on the scene?

We know Native Americans were enslaved, and Native Americans also enslaved people, but were these people who were enslaved Native Americans of African ancestry?

We already know that over 83% of all Americans with African ancestry have Native American blood (during the 1950s), but a recent study claims that is not true. According to the study by Henry Lewis Gates, only 4% of all Americans with African ancestry have Native American blood even though Genomic (chromosome) evidence indicates the Amerindian Gene B, C, and D are descended from African females before they migrated out of Africa 125,000 years ago.

Is Henry Lewis Gates working for the MAN?

According to the figures above, many more slaving companies would have to be in the business of human trafficking annually to come up with the numbers of transport, but the published material lists only three (3) major companies that dealt in the slave trade and were given a 31-year monopoly by the British Government. The Royal Adventurer later was named the Royal African Company, so it was one in the same company. Independent companies engaged in the slave trade, but there were only three (3) main companies engaged in human trafficking. The Guinea Company--at its height--had 15 ships from 1618 - 1650. The Guinea Company also dealt in gold, dyes, and other things other than just the human trafficking of slaves. British, French, Dutch, and Danish participated in human trafficking. Statistics have not taken into consideration the Portuguese ships that sailed at the time, but from what is out there, the Portuguese and Spanish transported 81,000 slaves to the Americas. We may never know how many people were transported by a slave ship. Following is a table from "Slave Statistics" by Hugh Thomas published in 1997 by Simon and Schuster.

After 20 years the Royal Adventurer--with its 15 ships had transported between 90,000 and 100,000 slaves. That is a long way from 12,000,000 million slaves who were supposedly brought to the Americas. That is a lot of slaves not accounted for. Or is/was the Black/Brown birthrate that more accelerated than the White birthrate? The calculated median of 12 million. Divide it by 400 people—the largest slave vessels. That comes out to 30,000 trips. Records exist for 35,000 voyages.

The statistics state only .05% or 1/2 of 1% of all Indigenous people of North and South America are in existence because of Christopher Columbus and his European travelers' conquests. Ninety-five (95%) percent were massacred by Columbus and his European crews shortly after 1492. Around 1900, it was thought Native Americans were on the brink of extinction with only 250,000 left. I would like to share a picture of my family. This is a picture of a relative who was a Michigan Chippewa Indian from the Reservation in Mt. Pleasant, MI, taken in the 1800s. It is true that Native Americans harbored runaway slaves, but the lady pictured at the right was already in Michigan before the slaves migrated as free people. I don't think it matters whether Native Americans are Washitaw or Lumbee from North Carolina or Chippewa from Michigan. All tribes have Black Roots. The phenotypes of Native Americans point to the theories held by Cheikh Anta Diop and Ivan Van Sertima. this amounts to are further discrepancies in what is written in our history books. Even though the evidence is right here and pushed in a person's face, there are those who still believe the "Old Guard." It is nothing more than Revisionist History.

The United Nations recognizes the Washitaw Muurs Nation within the United States along with the other Indigenous people of America. The Declaration on Rights of Indigenous People includes the Washitaw Nation, a nation that is made up of Black People who have the archaeological and historical evidence to prove that the original inhabitants of North and South America (so-called "Indians") were Black People who came here from Africa. Have you been to a Powwow? I have been and was astonished at all the Black Native Americans. The powwows I have attended were in Michigan and Ohio. Those Native Americans did not harbor runaway slaves which led me to believe the following: Black Indians are not solely a result of African slaves mixing with so-called Red Indians who were fleeing from slavery as many documented sources would have you to believe. Black Indians are indigenous to America—North, South, and Central before the so-called Red Man, before the Europeans, before the so-called Bering Strait crossings. The Olmecs, Washitaw, Moors, Yamasee, Mound Builders planted the seed of civilization in the Americas—Black Indians!"

The Washitaw were direct descendants of the Olmecs who mixed in the Malian Moors. The name “Washitaw” comes from the Washita River which flows along Northwest Texas and Oklahoma to the Red River where the Cheyenne Native Americans lived with the Chawasha, meaning “Raccoon People.” The Washo were a Negroid tribe living above the New Orleans Bayou and were of Tunisian linguistic stock. The name “Washitaw” is a derivative of the term “Ouachita” or what is now “Wichita.” The term is a Choctaw term which means “Big Arbor” which represented the Grass thatched homes. The Washitaw were originally from lower Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama (named after Nubian-Sudanese Ali Baba). The tribe was officially named “Wichita” by the US Government in the Camp Holmes Treaty of 1835. The Wichita were also known as “Paniwassaha” or by the French Panioussa which means “Black Pawnee.” French traders from Illinois called them “Pani Pique” which means Tattooed Pawnee. The Washitaw or Raccoon People were called Raccoons because of their black faces. When describing the Washitaw, the French describes the blacks who lived in the large grass houses. The tribe is the descendants of the Olmecs and Toltecs of Mexico.

It is recorded in history books the first group of people to populate North and South America crossed over from Siberia by way of the Bering Strait on a land-ice bridge. Research by authors like Van Sertima and Rogers have already confirmed what is now considered a new revelation set forth by Euro-American Scientists. Here we go again—VALIDATION by Euro-America. After examining a collection of South American skulls, research indicates that a different population crossed the bridge to America 3,000 years before that first crossing from Siberia.

Euro-American Scientists have now discovered skulls in South America that look like indigenous Australians, Melanesians and Sub-Saharan Africans more than Northern Asians—THE GIANT OLMEC HEADS CAME FROM—WAKE UP! Scientists compared 81 skulls from the Lagoa Santa region of Brazil to worldwide data on human variation.

The information indicates the skulls — dating between 7,500 and 11,000 years ago — were not anomalies but supports the hypothesis that two distinct populations colonized the Americas. The skulls of Native Americans and Northern Asians generally feature short, wide craniums, a broader face and high, narrow eye sockets, and noses. This particular collection is remarkably different.

The skulls belonging to the earliest known South Americans — the Paleo-Indians — had long, narrow craniums, projecting jaws, and low, broad eye sockets and noses. Drastically different from American Indians, these skulls appear more like modern Australians, Melanesian' and sub-Saharan Africans.

The research was published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and will appear in Dec. 2005 issue of the journal.

Over 200,000 ancient pyramids and huge mounds of the Earth in the shape of cones, animals and geometric designs can still be found from the southern coast of America to Canada. These structures were built by people known as "The Mound Builders." They were dark-skinned woolly-haired Blacks who were indigenous (native) to North America and kin to the Olmecs of South America.

During Pangaea, the African and American continents were joined. The Black Mound Builders were the Washitaw-Muurs (Ouachita-Moors), the ORIGINAL inhabitants of North and South America. Columbus was not entirely wrong in calling these people "Indians"! The true meaning of the word "Indian" is ("INDI" meaning black, as in INDIa ink, hINDu and INDIgo the darkest color of the color spectrum). The massive remains of this ancient BLACK civilization /empire still stand in both North and South America.

Ivan Van Sertima writes about the reported: "Evidence for black-skinned natives in the Americas long before the arrival of Columbus Ancient American Magazine (Issue 17), From the distinctly Negroid features of colossal Olmec sculpted heads and a pre-Aztec obsidian bowl being upheld by a figure with unmistakably black characteristics to the bones of Negroid persons excavated from a 2,000-year-old mound in northern Wisconsin, a wealth of material exists to establish the certainty of non-White, non-Indian population living in pre-Columbian America along with these other groups." Many Mound Builders were huge; their ancient skeletons were often 7 to 8 feet. The only other living people on Earth this tall are another group of Blacks, the Massai of Africa.

Many details are available in "Return of the Ancient Ones," a book by the Empress of the Washitaw, Verdiacee 'Tiari' Washitaw-Turner Goston El-Bey. She is the Empress and Head of the present-day Washitaw Nation in Louisiana and is recognized by the United Nations.

The earliest people in the Americas were people of the Negritic African race, who entered the Americas by way of the Bering Strait. About 30,000 years ago a worldwide maritime undertaking included journeys from the Sahara towards the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, and from West Africa across the Atlantic Ocean towards the Americas. According to Gladwin Thesis, (outlined on http://RaceandHistory.com) this ancient journey occurred, particularly about 75,000 years ago and included so-called Black Pygmies, Black Negritic peoples and Black Australoid's similar to the Aboriginal Black people of Australia and parts of Asia, including India.

Ancient NATIVE Black Nations of America before and after Columbus include:

## The Washitaw of the Louisiana/Midwest

## The Yamasee of the Southeast

## The Iroquois

## The Cherokee Indians

## The Blackfoot Indians

## The Pequot and Mohegan’s of Connecticut

## The Black Californians (Calafians) (CAL in CALifornia literally means BLAK, after the name of the Great Mamma KALi / Queen KALifa)

## The Olmecs of Mexico

## The Darienite of Panama - Many Black Negroid Peoples are mentioned in the works of I. Rafinesque ("Black Nations of America," Atlantic Journal and Friend Knowledge; Philadelphia 1832; p. 86: Also I. Rafinesque, pgs. 121, 186, 187, 194, 208, 209). Rafinesque was a naturalist who explored and took accurate documentation of his works throughout the U.S. In mentioning Negroes, Blacks, Moors, Ethiopians....explorers such as Rafinesque referred to Negro Black Africans, not dark-skinned "Indians."

NOTES

Skulls were derived from ancient mounds in Scioto Valley, Ohio.

“Mummy from Oregon”

“Two tattooed heads from Fiji”

“Peruvian mummies”

“Two Egyptian mummies”

“The skull and paws of a chimpanzee”

The collections remained in the Patent Office in part until 1858 and in part until 1862 until transferred to the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Institution was established.

Pigmy "Race" of Mississippi Valley. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1841, pp.215-216.

Negro Skulls capacity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1841, p. 135.

Observations on Egyptian Ethnography, derived from anatomy, history, and the monuments. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., IX, 1843, pp. 93-159.

Observations on a second series of ancient Egyptian crania. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1844, pp. 122-126.

The Skull of a Hottentot. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1844, pp. 64-65.

Skull of a Congo Negro. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1845, pp. 232-233.

Skulls of New Hollanders (Australians). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1845, pp. 292-293.

Remarks on an Indian cranium found near Richmond, on Delaware, and on a Chinook Mummy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, 1847, p. 330.

On an aboriginal cranium obtained by Dr. Davis and Mr. Squier from a mound near Chillicothe, Ohio. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, 1847, pp. 212- 213.

On the Position of the Ear in the Ancient Egyptians. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, 1848, p. 70.
 
Native American Slavery in the 13 Colonies


In the 13 Colonies of the 1600s, between 2 and 5.5 million Native Americans were sold into slavery. The people sold on the slave markets in the South during the 1600s were indigenous Black people (status altered to conceal the true identity of Native Americans) who lived right here in this Hemisphere before the transatlantic slave trade started. African Mende Script was found on rocks and in caves with similar writing systems to Cherokee Script. Cherokee writing Script (1832-33) is an Indigenous Script in North America connected with Sub-Saharan Africa Scripts of Liberia and Sierra Leone. Also, a relatively modern script in Liberia was found which may have Cherokee influence between Cherokee and West Africa. (Examining the Origin of the VAI Script by Konrad Tuchscherer, Vol 29 2002, p. 427 to 486).


Native Americans (Indians) were classified as Negroes and Blacks in the slave books of Seville Spain. Slaves from Terranova show up in the slave markets of Seville and Valencia very soon after 1500. For example; in Valencia during the period to 1516, found in 1503 Miguel, Manne, in 1505 Juan and Pedro, in 1507 Antonio and Juan Amarco, in 1515 Ali, now Melchor, in 1516 Catalina. … they were classified as Negroes…”. If slaves were first brought to North America around 1619 or even 1555, how were slaves being taken from Newfoundland to Europe? Keep in mind that one of the “Native Americans” had the name “Ali” and all were classified as Negro once they reached Valencia. How did a Native American in 1515 have the Moorish name “Ali”?

Globally, Indigenous populations are referred to as Negroes. In the Portuguese colony of Brazil, Natives were called negros da terra meaning Negroes of the land. The early Virginia legislature identified Moors and Negroes separately. Documentation exists in which individuals were described as “Negro African.”

Columbus became the first man known in history to send slaves across the Atlantic. Other nations rushed to emulate Columbus. In 1501, the Portuguese began to depopulate the Beothuk Indians to Cape Verde as slaves. Black Indian slavery destroyed the Indian nations of Natchez, Yamasee, Pequots, and Mohegan Tribes. Because of this, the first African slave raid took place in 1505 and was spearheaded by Columbus’ son. When the Moors (Indians) of America began dying and committing suicide the labor was replaced with slaves from the Sahara in West Africa.

Historians note that nowhere is there more authentic documentation than in South Carolina, also known as the original English colony of Carolina, established in 1670. Between 1650 and 1730 at least 50,000 Natives (and likely more due to transactions hidden to avoid paying government tariffs and taxes) were exported by the English to their Caribbean outposts.

Between 1670 and 1717, far more Native Americans (Indians) were exported than Africans were imported. In southern coastal regions, entire tribes were exterminated through slavery compared to disease or war. In a law passed in 1704, Indian slaves were conscripted to fight in wars for the colony long before the American Revolution.

The Indian slave trade covered an area from as far west and south as New Mexico (then Spanish territory) northward to the Great Lakes. Historians believe that all tribes in this vast swath of land were caught up in the slave trade in one way or another, either as captives or as traders. Slavery was part of the larger strategy to depopulate the land to make way for European settlers.

As early as 1636, after the Pequot War in which 300 Pequots were massacred, those who remained were sold into slavery and sent to Bermuda. Major slaving ports included Boston, Salem, Mobile, and New Orleans. From those ports, Native Americans (Indians) were shipped to Barbados by the English, Martinique, and Guadalupe by the French and the Antilles by the Dutch. Indian (Native American) slaves were also sent to the Bahamas as the “breaking grounds” where they might have been transported back to New York or Antigua.

The Pequot War was an armed conflict between the Pequot Tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook Colonies and their Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan Tribes) occurring between 1634 and 1638. The Pequot Tribe lost the war. In the end, about 700 Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity. Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to the West Indies; other survivors were dispersed.

In the beginning, Black and Mongoloid (in appearance) Native Americans sold each other into slavery to provide the Americans and British with labor. After the Yamasee War in 1715, most of the Native American slaves came from the Black Choctaw, Cree, Chickasaws, Yamasee Nations, etc. In this way, there was the denial of the fact Black Native Americans ever existed. If not for the art and official records dating back to this period, Black Native Americans would still be invisible. The presence of mtDNA hg N and A; and the Y-chromosome hg R1b and A1, testify to the ancient African presence in the Americas.

The historical record indicates a perception that Native Americans (Indians) did not make good slaves. When they were not shipped far from their home territories, they too easily escaped and were given refuge by other Indians if not in their own communities. They died in high numbers on the transatlantic journeys and succumbed easily to European diseases. By 1676, Barbados banned "Indian Slavery" citing “too bloody and dangerous an inclination to remain here.”
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS STARTED THE INDIAN SLAVE TRADE


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What about the African Slave Trade?
Much of the so-called African Slave Trade was fabricated. There was no trade! An independent source showing that the so-called Indians on the Eastern Seaboard (also called Terra Nova), were Moors, is a book called; “Africans and Native Americans”, by Jack D. Forbes. He shows in the book how many so-called Native American Indians were sold into slavery in Africa and Europe. This is the opposite direction in which we were taught the slave trade went in. These Native Americans or Indians were classified as Negroes and Blacks in the slaves books of Seville Spain and elsewhere. On page 29 he says; ” slaves from Terranova show up in the slave markets of Seville and Valencia very soon after 1500. For example; in Valencia during the period to 1516, we find in 1503 Miguel, Manne, in 1505 Juan and Pedro, in 1507 Antonio and Juan Amarco, in 1515 Ali, now Melchor, in 1516 Catalina. … they were all classified as Negroes…”. if we were first brought to North America around 1619 or even 1555, for that matter, then how were they taking slaves from Newfoundland, to Europe? Keep in mind that one of the “Native Americans” even had the name “Ali” and all were classified as Negro once they reached Yalencia. How did a Native American in 1515 have the Moorish name “Ali”?
At least 3,000 Americans (so-called Indians) are known to have been shipped to Europe between 1493 and 1501 (the Columbus Expeditions), with the likely total being possibly double that. Most were sent to the Seville area, where they seem to show up in the slave markets as Negroes. These are major contradictions to the whole slave trade myth. Blacks were always in America! The “Missing Indians” are Negroes! The slaves sold on the slave markets in the South were initially the black people from right here in this Hemisphere. As they took the lands here, they enslaved the inhabitants of those lands who were blacks. The tens of millions of Americans (so-called Indians) who disappeared after 1492 did not all die in the ‘holocaust’ inflicted within America. Many thousand were sent to Europe and Africa as slaves. The whole slave trade myth is that the whole story was given to us in reverse. A mass colony of Africans were not shipped from Africa to America, but the truth is that Black Indians were shipped from America to Europe! They were then shipped from Spain to Africa as commodity for African resources. These Black Indians (now mistaken as Africans) were shipped back to America and classified as “African Slaves.” This part of our history is what the school systems failed to mention in their history programs!
Are you saying that there was no Slave Trade?
There was indeed a kidnapping of Africans from Africa to America. However, it was a result of the mass shipment and slaughter of Moors in America at the hands of Columbus’ expeditions. Columbus’ first journey in 1492 was a mission to capture gold but he was side tracked by the presence of the black Moors. Columbus sent word back to the Monarchs of Spain that there were (what he referred to in his logs as the people of Queen Sheba). Columbus kidnapped Arawak Indians along with gold nuggets, exotic birds, and grain. Queen Isabella provided Columbus with seventeen ships, 1500 men, cannons, crossbows, guns, and attack dogs for the second voyage. Columbus’ new mission was to conquer the West. When Columbus returned to the West (Haiti) and South America in 1493, he not only took raw materials and resources but he abducted women. After a short time the Arawaks resisted Columbus and on March 25, 1495 Columbus slaughtered thousands of Arawak natives of men, women, and babies. Columbus also rounded up 1500 Arawaks and shipped them to Spain.
Columbus became the first man known in history to send the first slaves across the Atlantic. Other nations rushed to emulate Columbus. In 1501 the Portuguese began to depopulate the Beotuk Indians to Cape Verde as slaves. The black Indian slavery destroyed the Indian nations of Natchez, Yamasee, Pequots. Because of this, the first African slave raid took place in 1505 and was spearheaded by Columbus’ son. When the Moors (Indians) of America began dying and committing suicide the labor was replaced with slaves from the Sahara in West Africa. Also, the gold and silver that Columbus extracted from America fueled a 400% inflation that eroded the economies of non European nations and helped Europe to develop a global market system. Africa suffered a great economical blow. The Trans-Saharan trade collapsed because America supplied more precious gems than the African West Coast. African traders now only had one commodity that Europe wanted, slaves! African Sultans thus sold their own black people into slavery to whites. It is safe to say that Columbus is solely responsible for the slavery of the Moors from West to East and from East to West. REFER TO BLOOD MONEY.
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS STARTED THE INDIAN SLAVE TRADE


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What about the African Slave Trade?
Much of the so-called African Slave Trade was fabricated. There was no trade! An independent source showing that the so-called Indians on the Eastern Seaboard (also called Terra Nova), were Moors, is a book called; “Africans and Native Americans”, by Jack D. Forbes. He shows in the book how many so-called Native American Indians were sold into slavery in Africa and Europe. This is the opposite direction in which we were taught the slave trade went in. These Native Americans or Indians were classified as Negroes and Blacks in the slaves books of Seville Spain and elsewhere. On page 29 he says; ” slaves from Terranova show up in the slave markets of Seville and Valencia very soon after 1500. For example; in Valencia during the period to 1516, we find in 1503 Miguel, Manne, in 1505 Juan and Pedro, in 1507 Antonio and Juan Amarco, in 1515 Ali, now Melchor, in 1516 Catalina. … they were all classified as Negroes…”. if we were first brought to North America around 1619 or even 1555, for that matter, then how were they taking slaves from Newfoundland, to Europe? Keep in mind that one of the “Native Americans” even had the name “Ali” and all were classified as Negro once they reached Yalencia. How did a Native American in 1515 have the Moorish name “Ali”?
At least 3,000 Americans (so-called Indians) are known to have been shipped to Europe between 1493 and 1501 (the Columbus Expeditions), with the likely total being possibly double that. Most were sent to the Seville area, where they seem to show up in the slave markets as Negroes. These are major contradictions to the whole slave trade myth. Blacks were always in America! The “Missing Indians” are Negroes! The slaves sold on the slave markets in the South were initially the black people from right here in this Hemisphere. As they took the lands here, they enslaved the inhabitants of those lands who were blacks. The tens of millions of Americans (so-called Indians) who disappeared after 1492 did not all die in the ‘holocaust’ inflicted within America. Many thousand were sent to Europe and Africa as slaves. The whole slave trade myth is that the whole story was given to us in reverse. A mass colony of Africans were not shipped from Africa to America, but the truth is that Black Indians were shipped from America to Europe! They were then shipped from Spain to Africa as commodity for African resources. These Black Indians (now mistaken as Africans) were shipped back to America and classified as “African Slaves.” This part of our history is what the school systems failed to mention in their history programs!
Are you saying that there was no Slave Trade?
There was indeed a kidnapping of Africans from Africa to America. However, it was a result of the mass shipment and slaughter of Moors in America at the hands of Columbus’ expeditions. Columbus’ first journey in 1492 was a mission to capture gold but he was side tracked by the presence of the black Moors. Columbus sent word back to the Monarchs of Spain that there were (what he referred to in his logs as the people of Queen Sheba). Columbus kidnapped Arawak Indians along with gold nuggets, exotic birds, and grain. Queen Isabella provided Columbus with seventeen ships, 1500 men, cannons, crossbows, guns, and attack dogs for the second voyage. Columbus’ new mission was to conquer the West. When Columbus returned to the West (Haiti) and South America in 1493, he not only took raw materials and resources but he abducted women. After a short time the Arawaks resisted Columbus and on March 25, 1495 Columbus slaughtered thousands of Arawak natives of men, women, and babies. Columbus also rounded up 1500 Arawaks and shipped them to Spain.
Columbus became the first man known in history to send the first slaves across the Atlantic. Other nations rushed to emulate Columbus. In 1501 the Portuguese began to depopulate the Beotuk Indians to Cape Verde as slaves. The black Indian slavery destroyed the Indian nations of Natchez, Yamasee, Pequots. Because of this, the first African slave raid took place in 1505 and was spearheaded by Columbus’ son. When the Moors (Indians) of America began dying and committing suicide the labor was replaced with slaves from the Sahara in West Africa. Also, the gold and silver that Columbus extracted from America fueled a 400% inflation that eroded the economies of non European nations and helped Europe to develop a global market system. Africa suffered a great economical blow. The Trans-Saharan trade collapsed because America supplied more precious gems than the African West Coast. African traders now only had one commodity that Europe wanted, slaves! African Sultans thus sold their own black people into slavery to whites. It is safe to say that Columbus is solely responsible for the slavery of the Moors from West to East and from East to West. REFER TO BLOOD MONEY.

Keep spreading facts

Breaking through the lies
 
BEFORE COLUMBUS: BLACK EXPLORERS OF THE NEW WORLD

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Before Columbus:
Black Explorers
of the New World
By Legrand H. Clegg II
10-20-3
Every October Americans pause to celebrate Columbus Day. Children are taught that the Italian navigator discovered America. Parades are held in his honor and tributes tell of his skill, courage and perseverance.
Historians, archeologists, anthropologists and other scientists and scholars now know that Columbus did not discover America. Not only were native Americans present when he reached the New World, but also Africans, Asians and Europeans, among others, had been sailing to the Americas thousands of years before Columbus ventured across the Atlantic.
Of the various people who reached America before Columbus, Black Africans appear to have made the most contacts and to have had the greatest impact. During the 19th and 20th centuries, several scholars wrote books and articles about this subject and urged the academic establishment to change primary and secondary curricula across the country to reflect the great contributions of African people to early America. Unfortunately, such pleas fell on deaf ears; so again this October our children are being taught the myth that Columbus discovered America.
In August of this year, a group of 13 African Americans participated in a study-tour of numerous Mexican archeological sites. Led by the renowned Black historian and architect, Mathu Otir, and two Mexican guides, we visited numerous museums, temples, pyramids and cities, most of which reflected the genius of the native American Mayas and Aztecs. Toward the end of the tour, in southern Mexico, we began to see the remains of an ancient Black presence.
Evidence of the early Africans is widespread and varied. Dozens of majestic stone heads have been found at ancient sacred sites, such as La Venta and Tres Zapotes in southern Mexico (See photograph). Ranging up to 9 feet and 4 inches in height, with a circumference of 22 feet, and weighing 30 to 40 tons, these colossal statues depict helmeted Black men with large eyes, broad fleshy noses and full lips. They appear to represent priest-kings who ruled vast territories in the ancient New World from provinces near the Gulf of Mexico.
In the holy city of La Venta, dating back to at least 1500 BC, four of these large stone heads were discovered on a ceremonial platform featuring a miniature step pyramid and a conical pyramid – the earliest of such monuments to appear in the Americas.
Other art-work also serves as evidence of Africans in America before Columbus. For years the late art historian, Alexander Von Wuthenau, collected ancient clay figurines that provide clues regarding the diversity of America’s pre-Columbian population. His remarkable African collection depicts priests, chiefs, dancers, wrestlers, drummers, beautiful women and stately men – a collage of Black people who occupied every stratum of society from Mexico to South America.
Negroid skulls and skeletons have also been found throughout the New World. Polish professor Andrzej Wiercinski has revealed the discovery of African skulls at Olmec sites in Tlatilco, Cerro de las Mesas and Monte Alban. Furthermore, very ancient African skeletons have been unearth in California, Mexico, Central and South America.
The best evidence of the Black presence in America before Columbus comes from the pen of the “great discoverer” himself. In his Journal of the Second Voyage, Columbus reported that when he reached Haiti the native Americans told him that black-skinned people had come from the south and southeast in boats, trading in gold-tipped medal spears. At least a dozen other European explorers, including Vasco Nunez de Balboa, also reported seeing or hearing of “Negroes” when they reached the New World.
Nicholas Leon, an eminent Mexican authority, recorded the oral traditions of his people. Some of them reported that “the oldest inhabitants of Mexico were blacks[T]he existence of blacks and giants is commonly believed by nearly all the races of our sail and in their various language they had words to designate them.”
Early Mexican scholars were convinced that the impact of the Black explorers on the New World was profound and enduring. One author, J.A. Villacorta, has written: “Any way you view it, Mexican civilization had its origin in Africa.” Modern excavations throughout Latin America appear to confirm Villacorta’s conclusions.
The Olmec civilization, which appears to have been of African origin or to have been dominated by Africans, was the Mother Culture of Mexico. Of this, Michael Coe, the leading American historian on Mexico, has written that, “there is not the slightest doubt that all later civilizations in [Mexico and Central America], rest ultimately on an Olmec base.”
Ivan Van Sertima, the foremost authority on the African presence in ancient America, has built a strong case demonstrating that many Olmec cultural traits were of African origin: “A study of the Olmec civilization reveals elements that so closely parallel ritual traits and techniques in the Egypto-Nubian world of the same period that it is difficult to maintain [that] all these are due to mere coincidence.” Other scholars believe that Africans introduced a calendar, writing, pyramid and tomb construction, mummification, as well as certain political systems and religious traditions to the native Americans.
Who were the Africans who sailed to America before Columbus? Indian scholar R.A. Jairazbhoy states that the earliest settlers were Ancient Egyptians led by King Ramesis III, during the 19th dynasty. Van Sertima also believes that most of the explorers sailed from Egypt, but during the much later 25th dynasty. Many other scholars insist that the navigators came from West African nations, such as Ghana, Mali and Songhay
Whoever these Black people were, they most certainly sailed to America in ancient and medieval times and left a profound imprint on New World soil. As Jairazbhoy notes: “The black began his career in America not as slave but as master.”
Our Mexican guides agreed. As we ended our tour and prepared to return to the U.S., one of them proclaimed: “I would like to thank the African people for bringing civilization to the New World.” It is high time for the American media and academic establishment to admit the same.
 
Right on, bruh!! Your 100% spot on about that so called war on drug!!

The war on drug was one of the biggest scams pulled on our people!! When the gov was flooding our areas with drugs and guns, to pay for their off the book gun running and wars down south!!
They are still flooding inner city Chicago with military grade assault weapons and then hype up the shootings in the media. Chicago has long been a psyop and our people still don’t get it. Even the “dystopian themed movies” where the future is fucked up (e.g. ‘Divergent’, ‘Insurgent’) are based in Chicago :smh:
 
This is a long read.. Its the timeline of the events during Black Wall St!! This coming May will be the 100yr mark, 100yrs isnt that long ago and this event should be sealed in every copper color person brain!! Those Creek Indians had a system that out did the colonist!!! Just imagine(today) what 45+(there more of us)million people could do if we decided to unite and spend our money together??? Anyway, checkout this timeline report and remember this is their history!!



Timeline of the Tulsa Race Riot


Please note that rather than attempt to mangle the events into MY idea of what happened, I am going to list the descriptions as I can, so we can see where the evidence seems to lead us. This means that there will be a number of contradictions as people remember events differently, sometimes telescoping events, sometimes reinterpreting them to fit their own agendas. With a few exceptions, I will be trying to use only accounts recorded within a few years of the events.
30 May 1921, Monday. Memorial Day
Morning
  • Dick Rowland and Sarah Page have some sort of encounter in the elevator of the Drexel Building. She screamed, possibly drawing a clerk from Renberg’s, which was closed at the time ?
31 May 1921, Tuesday
  • Tulsa Tribune headline “Nab Negro for attacking girl in elevator” [No actual copies exist, although Gill claims to have seen one].
  • Several black leaders began to organize for the possible necessity of defending Rowland from a lynch mob. The police also prepared to repel a possible lynch mob. The chief of police had Rowland transferred to a detention cell in the county jail, on the top floor of the courthouse. The county jail was considered by both the police and sheriff’s department to be easily defendable (Tulsa Tribune, 3, 6 June 1921).
  • Black men gather to “face the lawless white men” (A.J. Smitherman’s “The Tulsa Race Riot and Massacre”)
About 6.30
  • Gabe was visiting a friends when he heard about the lynching, so he went home to get his gun and went to the court house (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
About 7.00
  • Barney Cleaver was on Greenwood when he heard about the trouble, so he went to the Court house (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)


Sunset (7.08 p.m.). (American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 1921).
7.30 p.m
  • A crowd of three hundred white curiosity-seekers had formed around the courthouse (Tulsa Tribune, 3, 6 June 1921.; Tulsa World, 20 July 1921).
  • At the Courthouse, there were 7-800 men, women and children gathered. Gabe saw Barney Cleaver, and Mr. Gurley (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • Sowders noticed a gathering in the street at Greenwood (Testimony of Henry C. Sowders, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
8.00 p.m.
  • Sheriff McCollough withdraws to the top floor, and stations deputies through the building to protect Rowland. The Sheriff and Ira Short stationed themselves on the first floor and repelled 3 men who entered (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • A number of armed Blacks meet up with a car in front of the World offices before heading to the Jail. With the outbreak of hostility, the streets evacuate (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • The mob deliberates what to do when the armed Blacks arrive. The Blacks leave when asked to by Barney Cleaver.
  • (about 7.30-7.45) About 25-30 blacks came up to see about the lynching. Cleaver went out and reassured them, and they headed back on Boulder (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • A “company of armed and hostile” (Charles F. Barrett, Oklahoma After Fifty Years (Oklahoma City: Historical Record Association, 1941). 3:207). blacks marched up the street to the jail. They had come to offer their services to the authorities who had Rowland in custody. They wanted to protect him from a lynch mob, such as the one that had hung Roy Belton, a white man, a year earlier (Parrish, 47; Tulsa World, 20 July 1921). The sheriff and one of his black deputies convinced the men that they were not required and should return home quietly. The blacks left (Barrett, 207; Parrish, 48).
  • Gabe sees a car with 9 black men parked across from the courthouse on Boulder (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • Gabe encounters 3 carloads of black men coming to the courthouse (on Boston?) – he tried to warn them back, but they threatened him (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • Gabe then goes to Boulder and Archer, where he sees 5000 blacks, more or less (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.) Eventually he gets into a car and goes back to the Courthouse, is told to leave, and they drive down to third street (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)

8.30 p.m.
  • Maj. Daley is first apprised of the trouble in Tulsa while in Sapulpa (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
9.00 p.m.
  • 150 White guys, 300 Negroes (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition). 200 blacks (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • Fight broke out (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • The crowd had swelled to over four hundred (White, 910; Halliburton, 337; Ellsworth, 49).After an abortive attempt by three white men to remove Rowland from custody, the sheriff effectively barricaded the prisoner, himself, and his men into the office (Tulsa Tribune, 3 June 1921; Tulsa World, 20 July 1921).
  • The white crowd was still growing (Barrett, 207-8). when several carloads of armed blacks arrived at the courthouse. Approximately seventy-five men got out of the cars.(Tulsa World, 10, 14, 15 June 1921). Their arrival sparked a great deal of shouting, harsh words and insults between the crowds of whites and the blacks (Tulsa World, 1 June 1921; Gill, 31-32).
  • MAJ. Paul Brown sends out two of his Sgt’s to round up the people in his unit together (Report of Paul Brown, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • MAJ. Bell is alerted by Sgt Payne and Pvt. Canton of B Company that armed men were converging on the Courthouse, but he is not too disturbed. He went to the Armory anyway. After talking to the Sheriff, he ordered all the men currently at the Armory to remain. It is reported that the Blacks are driving around town in a threatening mood.
  • MAJ. Bell ordered that the remainder of the units be notified as best as possible to report to the armory without giving any alarm (Report of James Bell, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton; Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton). He then returned home to get his uniform. He is alerted by a runner that a mob is trying to break into the Armory. Backed by Cpt. Van Voorhis, and Sgt. Leo Irish of the Police department, they are driven off (Report of James Bell, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • Blacks said to be organizing a call to arms at the plant of the Tulsa Star, according to O. W. Gurley. Smitherman was advising people to remain calm. (Tulsa Tribune, 4 June 1921).
9-9.30 p.m.
  • Redfearn closed the Dixie Theater because he saw a “colored girl” going from person to person, telling them something. Looking outside he saw several men in the street, talking and bunched up, saying that there was going to be a lynching (Testimony of William Redfearn, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)

9.30 p.m.
  • CPT. Van Voorhis was at the armory when the call came from the Sheriff’s and Police departments asking for help stop the rioting. No one left the Armory until direct orders came from TLC Rooney at 10.30 (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • Redfearn went to the courthouse, saw about 50-60 people out front, he was asked to go back and try to convince people to not come up town (Testimony of William Redfearn, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
10:00 p.m.
  • P.O. J. L. Wilson TPD, was at 2d and Cincinnati and fell into a large crowd of armed Blacks who threatened to lynch him. His life was saved by a shoeshine/preacher. They let him go (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • 200 Whites at courthouse refusing to disperse (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Fight broke out at 10 (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • MAJ. Byron Kirkpatrick is at home, and notices armed men in Vehicles speeding west along 6th. Shortly afterwards, there were a number of shots fired into the air at 5th and Elgin (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton). He called LTC Rooney (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • MAJ. Bell refuses to send out men until the unit has been activated, but has his men ready their weapons and ammunition anyway (Report of James Bell, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • Redfearn returned to Greenwood, and the street was full of blacks, a number armed, standing in groups talking, and told them that he had been assured there wouldn’t be a lynching (Testimony of William Redfearn, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.) [Then he went home]
10.10 p.m.
  • LTC Rooney, CPT. Vann and others arrive at Kirkpatrick’s home (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
10.13 p.m.
  • MAJ. Kirkpatrick reaches the Adjutant General in Oklahoma City (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).

10.15 p.m.
  • A white man (James Greeson?) killed by a stray shot through the head (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921). At least one black was injured as Det. E.S. MacQueen began firing into them (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • Fighting breaks out – [ by a shot from “Johnny Cole”, and Andy Brown] [- 2 wounded. Negroes taken to police station. At least one expected to die.] (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).1 injured Negro at police Station -expected to die. 2 were injured in initial shooting.
    2 white men killed, shot through the head. In first shooting? Curd Miller was hit in this exchange, taken to the hospital and released (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Gurley then drove to the Courthouse and offered his help to the Sheriff, when 40-50 people marched up, led by two brothers named Mann, Jake Mayes, and a man named Anderson. Gurley says Mann fired the first shot. (Tulsa Tribune, 4 June 1921).
  • First one shot, then three triggered the battle. Four white “lynchers” died, and many more were wounded. (A. J. Smitherman’s “The Tulsa Race Riot and Massacre”)
  • The ‘spark’ that touched off the riot was an incident between a white deputy and an armed black man outside the courthouse. The deputy was attempting to disarm one of the blacks when the gun for which they were wrestling discharged. The following is account collated from the several different versions of what happened. The most informative accounts are in the Tulsa World, 1 June 1921; Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921; and Ellsworth, 52. John McQueen, a white deputy, approached Johnny Cole, an armed black veteran who was leaning in an open automobile doorway. Indicating the army issue .45 Colt automatic that Cole was holding, McQueen asked,
    “******, What are you doing with that pistol?”
    “I a.m. going to use it, if I need to.” Cody replied.
    “No, you’ll give it to me.” The deputy reached for the weapon.
    “Like Hell I will.” was Cody’s response. As they wrestled for the pistol it discharged, striking Andy Brown, a black man, in the chest, and killing him (or wounding him, with him dying later, either on the street because no one would let ambulances near him – or later in the Police Station).
  • Cleaver says he was inside, and only heard about the start of the Riot when a Lawyer came in announcing there were a lot of armed blacks outside. The Sheriff and a number of Deputies, including Cleaver went out to find a large white crowd with women and children, and a large black group. The blacks were being headed back towards Boston when a gun was fired (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • The Tulsa National Guard command communicated with higher headquarter in order to keep those up the chain of command abreast of the disturbance. General Charles F. Barrett, the National Guard Adjutant General, who was in constant communication with both the Tulsa unit and the Governor, told the unit’s officers that they should mobilize only to guard the armory, and that they were to assist the civil authorities if necessary. The Governor was the only person who could mobilize the unit, and he could not officially do so unless the civil authorities felt that they were no longer able to control the situation (MAJ. James A. Bell, Report on the activities of the National Guard on the night of May 31st and June 1st, 1921, to Lt. Col. L. J. F. Rooney, 2 July 1921 (Governor James B. A. Robertson Paper, Oklahoma State Archives, Oklahoma City).; Tulsa World, 10, 14, 15 June 1921).
  • Gabe is on Third nearing Boston when he hears the shooting start (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)

10.20 p.m.
  • MAJ. Kirkpatrick is picked up and taken to the Armory (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton). The service truck was being loaded with 10-15 men to go to the City Jail (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
10.30 p.m.
  • Gen. Barrett, the Adjutant General advises that Company B, and the Service Company be mobilized at once and sent to assist the civil authorities (Report of James Bell, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton). It was while speaking to the General that LTC Rooney showed up and took command (Report of James Bell, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton). LTC Rooney ordered CPT. Van Voorhis to take two officers and sixteen men to go to the Police Station, leaving seven men at the Armory to guard it (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • The mob breaks in to two groups, one moving east to Main, then North. On the West side, general fighting at 6th and Boulder (about a hundred whites). pushing the Blacks north on Boulder (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Moving North on Boulder, an exchange of fire wounds a black man and a white guy. Both are taken to the Hospital (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • A group moving east on 6th. A group of four shoot two blacks in an alley (on 4th and one about 100 feet further north (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • A report is received that the Blacks are gathering at 1st and Cincinnati to invade the business district. Sporting Goods stores looted for firearms (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Encounters took place between individual whites and groups of armed blacks near the railroad tracks.23 At the courthouse no violence had as yet occurred.
  • Police Commissioner James Moore Adkison met a party of 60-70 blacks, armed with clubs, bricks, and guns three blocks north of the courthouse. He asked them to disarm, and when they refused, Adkison led them back to the railroad tracks where he left them. Tulsa World, 19 July 1921. Claud. Thomas “rescued” a young white woman from a large black mob at 1st and Cincinnati. The mob beat him up before he and the girl were released (Tulsa Tribune, June 1921).
  • The crowd panicked and split into several confused groups. The armed blacks and the police began firing, first into the air, then eventually into the crowds and at each other. The police, quickly joined by the few armed whites, drove the blacks north. Many of the unarmed whites, led by a few police officers, broke into pawn shops and hardware stores searching for weapons and ammunition.25
  • The battle rushed north, dividing along several of the main streets until it reached First Street. There the blacks drew, and for a short time held, a battle-line (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Sentries were established at jail, and at 2d and Boulder and 2d and Main, to keep back crowds and traffic (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • Three armed blacks became separated from the rest at 6th and Man, and were surrounded. 2 had consented to surrender when they all heard shots from the court house a block away, A white and a black went for the same gun — a second Black shot the White through the foot. The blacks slpit up and fled (one ran west (towards the fighting) with a white man emptying his revolver at him – all rounds missed him). The other Blacks retreated back up Boulder and the alley behind the courthouse, firing as they went. As they emerged on 4th St. Heavy fighting on 4th at Boulder. One Black was killed on Boulder, one wounded near the alley. As the Blacks were in full withdrawal, the Whites began looting the Stores on Main, looking for weapons. A major fight began at 2d and Cincinnati 20 minutes later — one man wounded on the steps of the Hotel Tulsa a block away. The Blacks retreated back across the Frisco Tracks and “trenchified” themselves (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • Gabe is going down 6th when two men come out of an alley and one threatens to shoot him. Gabe is on Cheyenne, heard a black had been killed, met with Police Commissioner Adkinson, then met deputy Smitherman on Detroit and Smitherman asked him to help stop the rioting; then he went and asked Stratford for help, but he wouldn’t; then he went to Archer and Cincinnati, where he heard glass breaking on Main. Someone fired a shot while he was on Cincinnati, hitting another man. (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • (about 10-1030 — Mr. Cotton, the manager of the Dreamland tells Sowders to cut the houselights back on. Cotton said there was some excitement on the street (Testimony of Henry C. Sowders, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.) There was some hollering and the house was cleared very quickly. When he tired to leave he found his car was full of 9 blacks. He was placed on the back of a Ford truck and driven to the police station. On the way he saw Officer Pack trying to to hold people back at the tracks; at Cincinnati, they nearly ran over a black man standing in the middle of the street shooting, and two others lying in the street; going up Main they saw Dick Bardon’s pawn shop being looted. He mad his report to the police and went home (Testimony of Henry C. Sowders, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • The black veterans establish a defensive line that can’t be broken (A.J. Smitherman’s “The Tulsa Race Riot and Massacre”)

about 10:45 p.m.
  • “Train from Oklahoma city to Muskogee was stopped at the Katy Station about 10:45, May 31st, and was held until about 6:00 am, June 1st. Negroes were retreating from the south past the station. Armed white mob pursuing contained a large number of teenagers, women and men, many under the influence of whiskey, who were out of control and wildly shooting. The mob boarded the train and removed all Negroes from the segregated cars. Blacks trying to surrender and those in the streets were randomly killed” (Muskogee Democrat, 6-2-21, pg.10, as cited in O’Brien, W.M. Who speaks for us?)
11:00 p.m.
  • “300” men had been armed, and were being drilled and coached, organized into companies of 50 men each. Police Commissioner and Inspector of police, with “part of the home guard company” started forming armed white men into companies and marching these into advantageous positions” – blocking off the black egress from the district (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • “Hundreds”, or “45” cars brought into service (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • LTC Rooney and the National Guard showed up on trucks (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • H.L. Curry is hit by a stray shot when he stopped his car for water at 5th and Boston, coming from a group of Blacks coming west up Fifth (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • During the fight (sometime) two White women watched a large Black man get chased by a White in a car, and get gunned down at Fourth and Main (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • CPT McCuen reports for duty at the armory. He is quickly sent with 20 men “equipped for riot duty” to report to LTC Rooney at the police station. They are assigned to keep people from entering 2d between Main and Boulder (Report of John W. McCuen)
  • Gabe saw a man shooting out the lights at the Frisco Depot. Later he saw some men on Boston with a torch. It took three men to get the torches to a little shack and set it on fire. Then he went home to bed (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • “Whites begin massing to the south of the depot and engage in sporadic shooting with the blacks” (Tulsa Tribune, 6-1-21, pg.3 & 5, as cited in O’Brien, W.M. Who speaks for us?)

11.40 p.m.
  • MAJ. Daley arrived at the West Tulsa bridge (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
????
  • One White was killed and two were injured at the Frisco tracks, and one at Madison and the Tracks. (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • Madison and Frisco Tracks. A brakeman on an east bound freight train was shot in the face and chest, by a Black sharpshooter aiming at a 16 year hobo [G.T. Prunkard, conductor] (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Robert Palmer was struck while waiting for a train to pass at Main and the Frisco tracks.
1 June 1921, Wednesday
by 12-1 a.m.
  • “Thousands” of whites (armed men, inquisitive women). mass on 2d St. from Boston to Boulder (most east from Main). – many present to quell an uprising of blacks (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • A group of four Blacks hiding in the weeds at Archer and Frisco were being pursued by one groups of Whites.
  • A. B. Stick is struck while standing at the Cincinnati entrance to Hotel Tulsa (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Lee Fisher is struck while standing at the corner of 1st and Cincinnati (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • L. C. Slinkard is struck by one of the Black skirmish cars while crossing main at the Frisco tracks (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Ed Austin was hit in the left foot while on south side of a drug store (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • E. F. Bershmer was struck in the left and hand leg at First and Detroit (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Guardsmen face down people intent on gaining access to the Armory’s weapons (Tulsa World, 7 Dec 2000).
  • A detachment of Company B, 1st BN, 3d Inf Regt. under CPT. John McCuen enter the apparently untouched region of northern Greenwood with orders to stop snipers from firing into the adjacent white neighborhoods, and not fire unless fired upon. There they have a “gun battle” with a groups of barricaded blacks who refused to surrender, “killing them”. A short while later, they encounter another group of 10 barricaded blacks engaging a group of armed white citizens (Tulsa World, 7 Dec 2000).
  • “Passenger train stopped in front of Frisco Depot being fired on by militant blacks” (Muskogee Daily Phoenix, 6-2-21, and transcript of T. J. Essley interview recorded summer 1987, annotated by Robert D. Norris, Jr. Commission files, as cited in O’Brien, W.M. Who speaks for us?)

12:00 a.m.
  • Last White car through the Black District before lines closed off. “Thousands” of Blacks massing north of Frisco station (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • White pedestrian was beaten when he attempted to pass through the district (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • A group of Whites at the Denver Viaduct begin turning back traffic heading North (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Several Black cars are seen in the residence districts (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • The line broke after an hour and a half of shooting and the blacks fell back a block north to the railroad tracks. A line of black snipers formed at the tracks to prevent the white rioters from entering the black district. The blacks held back the whites across a “no man’s land” of gravel and steel (Tulsa World, 1 June 1921).
  • Shortly after midnight, the whites attempted to burn down the buildings protecting the black snipers. This arson, however, had no strategic result at the time ( Tulsa World, 1 June 1921).
12.05 a.m.
  • MAJ. Daley arrived at the courthouse, there were 2-300 armed men there. He picked a half dozen ex-military men to serve as his assistants, and ordered that all men under 21 should be disarmed (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton). He then reported to LTC Rooney on 2d St. he is ordered to organize the automobile patrols and to assume charge of the men at the Courthouse (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • MAJ. Daley ordered the men at 2d and Main that if they were to remain, they must abide by instructions rather than running wild. These were split into units of 12-30, under the command of an ex-service man (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
12.00-2.00 a.m.
  • “City is generally Quiet” (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • the battleground fell relatively silent, disturbed only by the occasional, sporadic gunfire from one side or another.28 No record exists of any moves made, by either side, to establish mutual, peaceful communication.
  • MAJ. Daley’s automobile patrols were sent to pick up all the blacks on the streets, and in servants quarters to keep any from damaging the homes of the white population.

c. 12.30 a.m.
  • Frisco Station: after an attack from blacks at 2d and Cincinnati, whites hit an unidentified white pedestrian, shot 25 times (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
12.35 a.m.
  • MAJ. Kirkpatrick got a hold of GEN. Barrett and the Governor on the phone, and was instructed to prepare and send a telegram to the Governor asking the local National Guard to be called out officially. This must be signed by the Sheriff, the Police Chief and a District Judge (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
????
  • MAJ. Bell sends four men and a non-commissioned officer to Public Service Co.’s plant on W 1st St., and a similar unit to the the Water Works on Sand Springs Rd. (Report of James Bell, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • MAJ. Bell sends a squad under SGT Hastings of B Company to the Sand Springs substation on Archer between Boston and Cincinnati to restore power. Snipers wounded SGT Hastings (Report of James Bell, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • LTC Rooney takes CPT McCuen and his men to Elgin and Detroit on the Service Company Truck, they advanced east two blocks, taking a few prisoners. While surrounded by blacks near the Gurley Hotel on Greenwood, SGT Hastings was wounded by in the scalp by a rifle (Report of John W. McCuen)
  • B Co. falls back to Detroit to establish a base line, and await reinforcements. They form a skirmish line on Detroit (with right flank on Archer, and left flank between Brady and Cameron, moving north and south continuously between Archer and Cameron. They evacuate prisoners from houses and out buildings and turn them over to police cars standing by (Report of John W. McCuen)

c 1.00 a.m.
  • Last of the Black Skirmish cars was driven from the street (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • 12 Blacks had been arrested by White Skirmish cars, and taken to City Jail (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • A group of 30 Negroes were pushed back from 2d and Cincinnati (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Major Daley turns over to LTC Rooney a “machine gun” (later described as ‘not in repair’ and capable of only firing as a single shot piece)., with one belt of ammunition in front of the police station. This is mounted on the Service Company’s truck. [The implication is that it was the Police Departments (The local National Guard units vehemently have maintained that their two Machine Guns never left the armory — although there is a photograph in Halliburton, and two different photos in Hower, of a Browning M1917 water-cooled light machine gun set on a tripod on the back of a truck, with people in Army uniforms around it). McCuen describes it as belonging to a veteran who brought it back from Germany as a souvenier] exCPT Wheeler, LT Wood, and several volunteers and enlisted to operate the weapon (Report of LTC Rooney, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • A “machine gun squad” on a truck went to turn back rumored reinforcements from Muskogee (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Drove to N. Detroit, and deployed about 60 men N-S on Detroit and Brady. These were then marched up to Standpipe hill, as a skirmish line. The truck followed along. Whole area was lit by burning frame buildings. The unit is only fired upon from the east (Report of LTC Rooney, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
1.15 a.m.
  • MAJ. Kirkpatrick communicated with GEN. Barrett again, keeping him apprised of the situation (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • A Machine Gun was “produced” and place in the rear of a truck with three experienced gunners and LT Ernest Wood, and six men at the front of the truck under LTC Rooney and so equipped, was ordered to different parts of the city (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
1.30 a.m.
  • 500 Whites exchanged shots with a force of Blacks who were firing from a “two story shack” on Boston between the Tracks and Archer (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921). 4 Blacks were killed, although only two bodies were found. One White was slightly wounded (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921). Those “shacks” catch fire, and the fire department is not allowed to put them out (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).

1.46 a.m.
  • Telegram is received by the Governor (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
c. 2.00 a.m.
  • “Shacks” north side of tracks, on the east side of Boston were set on fire. The fire department was allowed to put out this fire (?). (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition). The fire eventually burned themselves out (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition). The fire department is called, but is fired upon, either by blacks (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton), or by whites (Black Survivor accounts?).
  • Sheriff McCullough signed telegram requesting outside help (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Former Lt. Demerkel complained to the World offices that he had been refused weapons at the Guard armory (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • The whites stop attacking the black defensive line, and start planning the massacre (A.J. Smitherman’s “The Tulsa Race Riot and Massacre”)
2.15 a.m.
  • MAJ. Kirkpatrick is officially notified that B Company and the Service Company have been called out (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
2.30 a.m.
  • MAJ. Daley notes that there were over a hundred car squads, many of which were detailed to watch the roads to guard against the rumored Black reinforcements from other towns (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • Urgent message received that the Midland Valley train had been commandeered by 500 Negroes from Muskogee, and Rooney went to organize a patrol to meet it. Rooney and Daily went to Midland Valley station, leaving Lt. Wood in command of the Service Co., Detachment, and CPT. McCuen in charge of them. CPT. Van Voorhis returned to armory. Then Rooney returned to the Skirmish Line on Standpipe Hill (Report of LTC Rooney, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • Before they leave for the MV Depot, a Guard line on Boston Ave and Brady is established, with the Service truck (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • LTC Rooney and MAJ. Daley assemble a company of ex-service men under the command of a Mr.Kinney, to set up at the MV Depot. The arriving train is just a freight train (possibly the one that was fired on at Madison and the Frisco tracks) (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • the battle increased in intensity as the whites tried to weaken the black’s defenses and push across the rail-yard. They were pushed back by the black defenders who were now joined by other blacks coming to defend their homes from an invasion of their district by the whites.32
  • A short time after this, Lt. Wood was informed that white residences on Sunset Hill were being fired upon from black settlement further to the North and North East (Report of LTC Rooney, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • CPT. McCuen and Lt. Wood decided to set up an emplacement on Sunset Hill as a demonstration (Later they swear that it couldn’t have been fired more than about 20 times, and wasn’t fired by their commands). (Report of LTC Rooney, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).


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3.00 a.m.
  • The residence at the north end of the block [Mrs. Fannie Dingo #33?] catches fire. 6 Negroes who were firing on the Whites from this residence try to escape – 5 are killed [This may be where the story of burning five people alive comes from] (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition).
  • Whites at Archer and Boston begin to push east down Archer towards Cincinnati, in the face of fire from the defenders (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition).
  • LTC Rooney ordered CPT. Van Voorhis to accompany him and his detail up to Stand Pipe Hill. On the way, they found men detailed on North Detroit, arming and arresting Blacks and sending them to the Convention Hall, and by Police Cars and Trucks (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton). At Cameron St, they encountered snipers in the belfry of a “large brick Negro church”, which were silenced by return fire (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
3.15 a.m.
  • Fire on North Boston is put out by the Fire Department, surrounded by MAJ. Daley’s troops (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • At this time, heavy firing has begun at the Frisco Depot. There MAJ. Daley found a large groups of whites firing into the Black area. He enlists 20 volunteers to help contain the men in a triangular formation, from Boston, to the end of the Frisco Platform at Cincinnati, then back across the tracks. He then returned to the Police Station (Report of C.W Daley, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
4.00 a.m.
  • Tulsa World 1st edition printed. “2 dead Negroes at the Frisco Depot” (Tulsa World, 1 June – 1st edition).
  • Cleaver and two others leave the Courthouse and head back down to Greenwood. They are stopped by several cars with whites, and are told that if they head back across the tracks they will be killed (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.). At Greenwood, he meets 15-20 armed blacks where he gets called a “white man lover”; he heard no shooting, but saw a number of armed individuals. He went home (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)

4.45 a.m.
  • Rooney’s people claimed to have received fire from the tower of the “new brick Negro church” just prior to day break (Report of LTC Rooney, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
Sunrise (4.47 a.m.). (American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 1921).
  • Three other Black bodies were lying near the Depot. Two have been removed [These are probably the same as the bodies mentioned at 4:00 a.m. ] (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition).
  • The body of a dead black is dragged through the business district behind a car (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition).
  • An unverified report of three Frisco switchman and a Fireman being shot to death by Blacks because the Whites refused to haul them out of town [probably a rumor] (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition).
  • About 5.00 “scores of Whites in cars” moved in north at Standpipe Hill, encircling the district. Fighting is particularly heavy on the south side of Sunset (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • At daybreak, the loosely organized army of white rioters entered the black district in two movements. The first movement was a push from the south that came across the rail-yard, covered by white snipers. According to one witness, there was a machine gun atop the granary tower that covered this southern push as well. (Parrish) This push moved through the business district, and into the neighborhood, looting and burning.(Parrish) The second front attacked from the north down Standpipe Hill. A machine gun on the hilltop covered this attacking force. This second front ran into, and through, crowds of black refugees who were fleeing from their homes.(Parrish) Whites in spotter planes oversaw the entire battle. These planes, with no known official authority, were used to locate pockets of black resistance for the white ground forces.(Parrish)Eyewitness reported outrages committed by whites as the white belligerents swept over the district. Most of these reports involved the murder of blacks who had surrendered or were obviously non-hostile or …
  • A three hour engagement is ended by twenty minutes of machine gun fire from two machine guns. The blacks hoisted a white flag, which was a signal for the whites to invade (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • There is a report of a white policeman trying to stop the white invaders at daybreak from crossing the rail-line (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921; Tulsa World, 19 July 1921).
  • The machine gun on Sunset Hill is fired a few times to the northeast, where there were Blacks firing on the hill. After a few rounds of fire, the Blacks surrendered, after which the machine gun ceased firing (Report of LTC Rooney, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • A National Guard captain was shot while trying to stop the whites atop Standpipe Hill from machine-gunning refugees (Captain Edward Wheeler of the Oklahoma National Guard was in charge of the machine gun mounted on Standpipe Hill. When he saw that the gun was being used to fire on refugees instead of any rioters, he ordered that it be stopped. A young white boy called CPT. Wheeler a “****** lover” and shot the captain in the stomach with a shotgun. Tulsa World, 15 July 1921; Gill, 48).

5:00 a.m.
  • 500 Whites around Frisco Depot are fighting with several Blacks firing from housetops. 3 Blacks are killed in a short period of time (one on top of 2 story brick building – the other two were hiding on Archer). (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition; Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • GEN. Barrett and his troops leave Oklahoma City on a special train (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • Gabe hears the whistle blow, and shooting take up all over town (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • The whistle blew and the shooting started (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.) People began shooting out of the Masons and Oddfellows hall, one man is shot out of a window and hits the sidewalk (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.) This shooting lasted not more than about a half hour, and only after the whistle blew (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
  • “Three long whistle blasts” (A.J. Smitherman’s “The Tulsa Race Riot and Massacre”)
5.30 a.m.
  • Death list is estimated at 15, with only two unidentified Whites (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition).
  • “More than a dozen” dead blacks are reported lying in in the street (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition).
5.45 a.m.
  • With 6 spotter planes in the air, armed Whites are moving into “Little Africa”, bands of riflemen at Elgin and Archer (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition).
  • A Black home at Elgin and Archer is burning (Tulsa World, 1 June – 2nd edition).
6.00 a.m.
  • World 2d edition published.
  • The Fire spreads north of Archer into the N. Greenwood Business district (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • The 6 a.m. Katy train from Tulsa to Muskogee doesn’t leave (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • Gabe’s house (422 Easton) is fired into, and he went to the door — he encounters several white men who are getting shot at, and sees a low flying airplane, also shot at. He is rounded up and sent to the Convention Hall (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)

6.30 a.m.
  • CPT. Van Voorhis left CPT. McCuen and 1LT Wood in command with orders not to fire unless fired upon, and went back to the Armory to eat and get reinforcements (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • One dead and two wounded Blacks are brought to the Convention Center, and tossed on the floor (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
6.45 a.m.
  • “Two thousand” Blacks are fleeing town to the north (Tulsa World, 1 June – 3rd edition).
  • Blacks start being sent to Convention center (Tulsa World, 1 June – 3rd edition).
  • Six badly wounded Blacks are among those taken to Police station (Tulsa World, 1 June – 3rd edition).
  • Fires are started along Archer (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
6.55-7.15
  • Men wounded by Black sharpshooters in “Black Belt” are taken to Hospitals. Three die in ambulance on way (Tulsa World, 1 June – 3rd edition).
about 7 a.m.
  • Lt. Roy Dunlap is notified to hold his FA Battery in readiness (Report of Roy Dunlap, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
about 7.30
  • World 3rd edition published.
  • Everything on Archer from Boston east to Elgin is on fire. The fire department says “the mob” shoots at them when they try to put out the fire (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • About 50% of Dunlap’s FA Battery reports for duty, are issued arms and ammunition, and are detailed to sentry duty at the Armory and at various points around the city (Report of Roy Dunlap, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • CPT. Van Voorhis, with six men, went to the brick kiln, and proceeded east on Cameron, looking for sign of his men. Not finding them, they proceeded on to Greenwood, then North on Greenwood. After three blocks, encountered a number of refugees. He had them stop, mad certain they were unarmed and placed them under a guard of two people, while he went on further. A few blocks, they encountered more armed Blacks who were disarmed and taken into custody. he sent his men on in different directions to search houses for more Blacks and weapons. They had about 20-30 prisoners when white civilians on Sunset Hill opened fire on them, and forced them to run them south and hide them behind a concrete building. Eventually the firing stopped and he could run his prisoners south on Greenwood, until they were safe. Then he turned the 35-40 prisoners over to the Deputies, to be taken to Police headquarters (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • After this, CPT. Van Voorhis and his six men marched up Greenwood three blocks, then turned left up Sunset Hill (up Independence?). 2/3rds of the way up the hill they were fired upon by Blacks to the north (wounding SGTs Stone and Sanders). They made it to the machine gun position on the crest of Sunset Hill. He sent CPT. McCuen and his men to get the White civilians to the NE of them to stop firing on the Blacks (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • Gabe sees Gurley’s building on fire (Testimony of C.F. Gabe, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)

8.00 a.m
  • CPT. Van Voorhis took his men down to Davenport, and began to move back up the street collecting the inhabitants. A receiving point for prisoners was established at Greenwood and Davenport, and from there, moved up Greenwood again. A doctor named Charles Wickham helped them to get the other Blacks to surrender. He sent a detail north to the Park since he had been informed of a number of Blacks gathered there. Between the two details they gathered about 330 people and took them to the Convention Center (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • About this time, Ernest Austin is shot through the chest. He had stopped in his drive to work to look at the smoke when a stray bullet hit him (Obit notice in local NY newspaper, aft 9 June).
  • “After daylight” (McCuen estimates about 8 or 9 am), Co. B moves up to Sunset Hill to stop blacks from firing into the white homes on Sunset from their “settlement” to the NE. The move up the crest of Sunset hill, then a little further north to the “military crest” where his men have to lie down because of the intensity of the fire from the black skirmish line at the base of the hill to the NE among the outbuildings (Report of John W. McCuen)
  • Redfearn returned to Greenwood. Although he says they are the ‘west’ side of the street, he identifies the Woods Building, and the Phillips building as being on fire, and Cherry’s ‘place’ and maybe one other on the west side were on fire. Neither the Dixie Theater nor the Redwing Hotel were on fire at that time. (Testimony of William Redfearn, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
8.25
  • The Midland Valley passenger train no.6 is held up in Sperry, rather than continue on to Tulsa (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • After about 20 minutes of “fire at will”, the blacks at the base of Sunset hill pull back to the NE. McCuen’s men move forward. Company B moves North, while the Service Company moves to the NE (Report of John W. McCuen)
8.30
  • Fighting at the Church, allegedly leaving 50-60 dead (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • McCuen’s company received a little opposition about halfway through the settlement “Some negroes refused to stop firing and had to be killed” (Report of John W. McCuen)
  • At the NE corner of the settlement, more than 10 blacks had barricaded themselves in a concrete store. Several whites and blacks were injured or killed in stiff fighting. They arrested many blacks and sent them under guard to the Convention Center (Report of John W. McCuen).

9.00
  • A detachment of Company B, 1st BN, 3d Inf Regt. under CPT. John McCuen enter the apparently untouched region of northern Greenwood with orders to stop snipers from firing into the adjacent white neighborhoods, and not fire unless fired upon. There they have a “gun battle” with a groups of barricaded blacks who refused to surrender, “killing them”. A short while later, they encounter another group of 10 barricaded blacks engaging a group of armed white citizens (Tulsa World, 7 Dec 2000, describing the incidents in the Report of John W. McCuen).
  • CPT. Van Voorhis returned to Greenwood and gathered more prisoners, taking them to McNulty park, since the Convention Center was full (Report of Frank Van Voorhis, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • Between 8 & 9 a.m. Redfearn returned to Greenwood, and saw the fire almost entirely of the west side of Greenwood and about half of the east side between Archer and Cameron were on fire. He left before the Redwing was totally destroyed by fire. He originally claimed to have seen people break open the front doors of buildings on Greenwood (testimony given to the Fire Marshal on 3 June — later repudiated (Testimony of William Redfearn, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.))
  • Cleaver notes his house (508 N. Greenwood) is burning and his stuff had been looted. About that time the Gurley Hotel and Redwing were threatened by fire, although the fire was mostly on the east side of the street (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
9.05
  • Midland train to Muskogee doesn’t leave on time (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
9.15 a.m.
  • GEN. Barrett and his troops arrive in Tulsa (Report of Byron Kirkpatrick, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
9.30
  • National Guard train arrives from OKLAHOMA CITY (Tulsa World, 1 June – 4th edition). Their first goal is to disarm the armed whites (Tulsa World, 1 June – 4th edition).
  • Fires along the Black Belt are uncontrollable (Tulsa World, 1 June – 4th edition).
  • By this time, most of the residences are empty, except for a few Blacks who are being ousted in a house to house search (Tulsa World, 1 June – 4th edition).
  • The firing, although continuous (until 11. am) begins to diminish about this time, although interspersed with explosions as the fires reach ammunition stores (Report of John W. McCuen).

9.45
  • Armed citizens and one Guard Corporal lead prisoners south from Convention Center to Western League Park (Tulsa World, 1 June – 4th edition).
11.00 a.m.
  • The fighting came to a stop when martial law was declared. The black district, after five to six hours of battle and looting, was a mass of black clouds of smoke rolling above the ruins of thirty-some city blocks of rubble and ashes (Tulsa Tribune, 1 June 1921).
  • The armory begins to house the Black wounded (Report of James Bell, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton). [It is likely that Dr. Jackson was still alive, but dying, at this point]
  • MAJ. Brown began treating the Black wounded at the Armory (Report of Paul Brown, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
  • CPT McCuen’s men are relieved (Report of John W. McCuen)
11.45 am
  • The Redwing Hotel is completely consumed by fire (Testimony of William Redfearn, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
1.00 p.m.
  • Cleaver returns to Greenwood. The Redwing and Dixie Theater are both still burning — the walls hadn’t fallen in yet (Testimony of Barney Cleaver, Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Co.)
5.00 p.m.
  • By this time, MAJ. Brown had reclaimed the former Cinnabar Hospital from its status as a rooming house, and opened it as an Infirmary for the wounded Blacks (Report of Paul Brown, as given in Appendix IV of Haliburton).
2 June 1921, Thursday
 
They are still flooding inner city Chicago with military grade assault weapons and then hype up the shootings in the media. Chicago has long been a psyop and our people still don’t get it. Even the “dystopian themed movies” where the future is fucked up (e.g. ‘Divergent’, ‘Insurgent’) are based in Chicago :smh:

You got that right brotha!! Its a sad story to read about and view on that tel-a-vision!! Bruh, Ive been saying it for awhile now, we(copper color people) have been infiltrated by the tv, all forms of media, music and sports industries!! I know, aint nobody listening!
 
Genocide of indigenous peoples - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In 1492, when Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, about 145 million people lived in the Western hemisphere. By 1691 (less than 200 years later), the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90-95 percent, or by around 130 million people.

Clearly - by American Standards, when it came to killing: Adolf Hitler was a rank Amateur compared to Albino Americans!
 
Blacks were the majority population of Native Americans in North America


Some may have noticed that almost "ALL" authentic "OLD" depictions of Native Americans - show Black people with Curly or Straight hair. There are very few "OLD" artifacts showing the Albino/Mongol Mulatto type people that we will be seeing from this point on, and who today are presented to us as Native Americans (American Indians). Clearly the evidence tells us that Black Native Americans were the majority population in North america - just as it was in Central and South America. The fact that the Black North American Tribes no longer exist - to any appreciable degree: seems to indicate that like in Central and South America, the Albino/Mongol Indians joined with European Albinos to eradicate the Black tribes. And just as in Central and South America, after the Genocide of the Black Tribes was complete, the European Albinos turned on the Albino/Mongol Indians.

Dr. Clyde Winters PhD, who is himself part Choctaw, and his wife Cherokee, says that the Black tribes were not completely wiped out, some still exist, he offers this explanation:

Mongoloid and Black native Americans have often had conflicts. In the beginning Black and Mongoloid Native Americans sold each other into slavery to provide the Europeans with labor. After the Jamasee war in 1715, most of the Native American slaves came from the Black Choctaw, Cree, Chicasaw, Yamasee nations etc.

What government officials did was to force all Black Native Americans to record themselves on official records and the Census, as free Colored people. In this way, they could steal their land and avoid living up to the Treaties they signed with the Black Native Americans. And in this way, they were also able to deny the fact that Black Native Americans ever existed. If not for the art, and official records dating back to this period, Black Native Americans would still be invisible. Some Black Indians, like the Lanape and Yamasee have regained some of their status. It is harder for the Black Native Americans forced into Oklahoma. In Oklahoma, the mongoloid Indians are trying to say that they were all African slaves, to keep them away from the Casino money.

Dr. Winters goes on to say: Let me tell you a story. I had an ISOP fellowship while I was earning my PhD. This Fellowship was suppose to be for minorities. All of the Michigan "Native Americans" who had the Fellowship were "white".
 
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