Hoda Muthana left her home in Hoover, Alabama, at the age of 20 to join ISIS in Syria. She has since married three jihadist fighters, been widowed twice, and given birth to a baby boy.* Following the collapse of ISIS’s so-called caliphate, Muthana and her son fled ISIS’s remaining territory and have lived in a Syrian refugee camp since January 2019. Muthana has expressed her desire to return to the United States with her child to face charges, but the U.S. government has declared that she does not have U.S. citizenship and cannot return, leaving her in a legal limbo.*
- Date of Birth
October 28, 1994
- Place of Birth
Hackensack, New Jersey, United States
- Place of Residence
Syria
- Extremist Use of Social Media
Kik, Twitter
- Education
High school
- Citizenship
U.S. (disputed)
Muthana’s father, Ahmed Ali, worked as a U.N. diplomat on behalf of Yemen and moved to the United States with his wife in 1992.* Muthana and her siblings were all born in the United States, while their parents have both become naturalized citizens. Muthana graduated from Alabama’s Hoover High School in May 2013. Her father presented her with her first cellphone as a graduation gift, but he implemented tight restrictions. Women in the family were forbidden from using social media or messaging applications to communicate with non-family members. Muthana’s parents were concerned she was communicating with boys, but when her father regularly searched her phone, he instead discovered Quranic readings and other Islamic religious applications. Muthana told Buzzfeed News that Islamic scholars on the Internet swayed her more than her local Muslim community.*
In the fall of 2013, Muthana secretly created a Twitter account, through which she met ISIS supporters such as Aqsa Mahmood, a Scottish teen who fled to ISIS-held territory in November 2013. The same month Mahmood left, Muthana began planning her own trip.*
In November 2014, Muthana told her parents she was going to Atlanta for the day on a school trip. Her father was in Washington, D.C., at the time. Muthana then told her family she missed her bus home and had to spend the night. The next day, she called her sister from Turkey to say she was joining ISIS. When Muthana spoke with her father the next day, she had already crossed into Syria.*
Muthana funded her trip using her college tuition money. She signed up for classes at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and then immediately withdrew. She used the refunded tuition to buy her plane ticket to Turkey.* In December 2014, Muthana told her father she wanted to come home and asked for $2,500 to get to the Turkish border. He sent the money but she did not return. Muthana later told BuzzFeed News that she never intended to return.*
In early December 2014, Muthana posted a group photo on Twitter of what appears to be four women holding foreign passports and announcing their intention to burn the documents. In March, Muthana called for violence in the United States over Memorial Day.*
In late December 2014, Muthana told her father she had married an ISIS fighter. She told BuzzFeed Media that she did not need the traditional permission of her father because he sided against ISIS. After her husband was killed in a Jordanian airstrike in March 2015, Muthana’s father again tried to convince her to come home. Muthana again refused and said she was willing to die for her beliefs. In a deleted Ask.fm post, Muthana said she looked forward to seeing her mother again in
Jannah (heaven), but “Allah and His Messenger come first.”*
Muthana family spokesman Hassan Shibly, who is also chief executive director of the Council on American Islamic Relations Florida, told reporters in April 2015 that Muthana had been “abused” and “brainwashed” by ISIS. According to Shibly, Muthana withdrew from the Muslim community a year before she left “because she knew that the community was not sympathetic to those extremists groups.”* Muthana’s father also believes his daughter has been brainwashed. Muthana responded that all parents of ISIS foreign fighters believe that of their children.*
Soon after the death of her first husband, Muthana married a Tunisian foreign fighter with whom she had a son, Adam. After that husband was killed, she married a Syrian ISIS fighter in 2018. Following the collapse of ISIS’s caliphate, Muthana fled with her son. They were captured by Kurdish forces in January 2019 and placed in the al-Hawl refugee camp in Syria alongside approximately 1,500 other ISIS wives and children.*
Muthana has declared her desire to return to the United States, but she faces legal obstacles. In a February 19, 2019, interview with ABC News, Muthana said that she regretted her actions and wanted to return to the United States with her 18-month-old son.* Muthana publicly burned her passport and renounced her citizenship in 2014. On January 15, 2016, the State Department of President Barack Obama sent a letter to Muthana’s address in Alabama declaring her passport had been issued in error and was invalid. The State Department charged that Muthana’s father was assigned to Yemen’s permanent mission to the United Nations at the time of her birth, and she therefore was ineligible for U.S. citizenship. According to the letter, there was “no evidence” Muthana was a U.S. citizen.* On February 20, 2019, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo stated that Muthana is not a U.S. citizen and would not be admitted to the United States.* U.S. President Donald Trump tweeted that he had instructed Pompeo “not to allow Hoda Muthana back into the Country!”*
Pompeo’s statement did not specify what led the administration to conclude that Muthana did not hold U.S. citizenship or the right to citizenship, but he later clarified that Muthana does not qualify for birthright citizenship because of her father’s diplomatic status. Though Muthana was born in the United States, children of foreign diplomats born in the country are not eligible for automatic citizenship. Muthana’s family argues that her father’s diplomatic service officially ended a month before she was born. According to the family’s attorney, Muthana received a U.S. passport as a child after her father had provided documentation from the United Nations that he had been discharged before her birth. Immigration experts argue that Muthana’s U.S. passport is proof of her citizenship and the Trump administration therefore cannot declare her a non-citizen.* The Muthana family filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration on February 21, 2019, to allow their daughter to return to the United States.*
CAIR Florida’s Shibly, who has continued to advise the Muthana family, claimed also that Muthana sought to return to the United States to face charges and take responsibility for her actions. According to Shibly, Muthana recognizes that she had “been completely brainwashed” by ISIS.*
On November 14, 2019, U.S. District Judge Reggie Walton ruled that Muthana’s father was still employed as a Yemeni diplomat at the time of her birth and Muthana therefore did not have U.S. citizenship. The court recognized that Ahmed Ali Muthana had been fired from his position representing Yemen at the United Nations in either June or September 1994, while Hoda Muthana was born that October.* According to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the sending state must notify the receiving state of a diplomat’s termination and the receiving state must acknowledge receipt before a diplomatic agent’s function is formally terminated.* According to documents submitted to the court, the United Nations did not receive notification of Muthana’s termination until February 6, 1995, almost fourth months after Hoda Muthana’s birth.* The 2016 State Department letter also affirmed that while Muthana’s father had tendered his resignation to Yemen’s U.N. mission on September 1, 1994, before her birth, the U.S. Permanent Mission to the United Nations was not notified of his termination until February 1995. According to the State Department, Ahmed Ali Muthana maintained his diplomatic status at the time of his daughter’s birth, thus making her ineligible for birthright citizenship under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.*
Walton further ruled that any financial support given to Muthana or her 2-year-old child by her parents would constitute material support to terrorism. Hoda Muthana’s legal counsel expected to appeal the decision.*
On January 19, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit upheld the district court’s decision on Muthana’s citizenship, ruling that “Hoda Muthana is not now and never was a citizen of the United States,” and “because Hoda is not a citizen, neither is her son, who was born abroad to two alien parents.”* Muthana’s attorneys continued the appeal process. On January 11, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court refused a request to hear Muthana’s case.*
On March 31, 2021, Muthana’s sister, Arwa Muthana, and Arwa’s husband, James Bradley, were arrested in New Jersey for attempting to and conspiring to provide material support to ISIS. Arwa and Bradley were allegedly planning to travel to Yemen by cargo ship with the aim of joining ISIS.*
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