Neymar Santos, skin bleaching, race and racism..

Nzinga

Lover of Africa
BGOL Investor


Neymar’s blond ambition and the question of racism, identity and marketability of black public figures







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Three weeks ago, Brazil’s latest soccer sensation was at the center of another controversy in regards to the question of race. Santos soccer club/Brazilian national team superstar Neymar (da Silva Santos Júnior) made headlines after he approached an opposing coach and asked if he had made a racial slur against him during a game. Neymar’s image, the complexity of his racial identity, stance against racism and marketability says much about the marketability of black public figures, Brazilian and American. Below is how Rafa Santos reported the incident. BW of Brazil’s comments will follow the article.
Neymar, racism and the question that goes beyond a simple game

[FONT=&quot]Neymar in match against Ituano[/FONT].
by Rafa Santos
“Did you call me a macaco (monkey)?” Neymar asked in images caught on television. The target of the question was the coach of the Ituano team, Roberto Fonseca. The confusion between the two started after the Santos star received a hard entrada by one of the players of the team coached by alleged perpetrator of the insult.
Neymar still walked over to the fourth referee of the match, Paulo Estevão Alves da Silva, and complained: “Did you see that? What’s (up with) that? Is that legal? You didn’t see him calling me a monkey?” insisted Santos’ number 11 jersey. In turn, Fonseca retorted: “Are you deaf, boy? Are you deaf?”
In an interview with Bandeirantes TV, the fourth official said he didn’t hear Coach Ituano’s alleged racist insult. At halftime, Neymar wasn’t sure of having been called a macaco. “I didn’t understand what he said, so I went back to ask … Then he said I was deaf.”
Fonseca was also asked by the press and seemed irritated by the question. “He must be deaf, I said that he is cai cai (fall fall), that he falls all the time. He’s going make a divination too,” he said.
Many people will say that Neymar is exaggerating, that he ‘just wants to show off’ or this or that. However, his attitude was the best possible. He went to the supposed speaker of the insults and asked face to face what he said. He wanted to confirm before formally accusing the rival coach.
Indeed racism exists in Brazil. It’s a fact. In spite of much of Brazilian society adopting a ‘culture of misunderstanding’, as well defined by Michel Blanco right here on Yahoo!
Also please note that Neymar has already been the victim of racism. In 2011 during Brazil’s victory against Scotland by a score of 2-0 he had a banana peel thrown in his direction. The star showed indignation and received support from teammates.
Later it was discovered that the perpetrator of the “joke” was a German teenager and the Scottish Federation demanded that Neymar publicly apologize for having ‘offended’ local fans. Number 11 once again did the right thing and refused to apologize …
In 2012 Neymar was again the target of bananas, this time wearing a Santos jersey in the Libertadores em La Paz game against the Bolívar team. As if the bananas were not enough, the athlete was also hit by an object thrown by the crowd. The big wigs of Conmebol (tournament organizers) did nothing and Bolívar went to the Copa Libertadores 2013. The team was eliminated by São Paulo.
However, I believe that the attacker acted very well to directly confront coach Ituano. If he didn’t hear very well (what was said) he was entitled to ask for a confirmation. Period. Neymar can’t accept that everything is ‘misunderstanding’. He needs to know. He has reason to be bothered and worry about racism. One simply need remember the other cases of racism involving the striker.
If the main Brazilian soccer player in activity has suffered with racism on the field …What is the reality of so many other black athletes far from the focus of cameras in Brazil? The question remains…



So, again, the “black blond” bomber tipped off another question of racism on the soccer field. The words black and blond are both in quotes because Neymar once said that he was not “preto” (black) and his blond hair is courtesy of a can. The question of Neymar and race is an intriguing topic for a number of reasons. First, for the previous accusations that he made about being the target of bananas on the field, one of a number of racist practices associating African descendants with monkeys that has plagued black soccer stars around the world for a number of years. Second, as mentioned above, Neymar once said that he was not “preto” (black). And third, he once appeared in a music video with two black Brazilian singers in which all three were dressed in gorilla suits (see our analysis here). And four, Neymar’s affinity for blondness, a dominant standard of beauty in Brazil.


A young Neymar


While Neymar has been straightening his naturally kinky/curly hair for a while and also using blond hair coloring in his Mohawk hairstyle, recently he’s also been seen in photos with blond facial hair as well (1st, 2nd, 3rd photos). When the star posted photos of his one year son online in November of 2012, Brazilians commenting at Holofote (wp.clicrbs.com.br) online participated in quite a debate about the paleness of the child.


[FONT=&quot]Neymar with son and child’s mother [/FONT]

Some people commented on how the child didn’t take after his father too much while others stressed that Neymar’s mixed ancestry was similar to that of many Brazilians. Still others revealed their own family backgrounds as evidence that brown skinned people having lighter-skinned children is normal in Brazil.


Young Neymar with mother, sister and father

Now, black, or “would be black” soccer stars and white women in Brazil are nothing new and any Brazilian can affirm this. In 2009, comedian/TV host Danilo Gentili became the center of accusations of racism when he tweeted the following joke…. “King Kong, a monkey that, after going to the city and becoming famous, gets a blond. Who does he think he is? A soccer player?” (1). So does Neymar saying he isn’t “preto” (black), his preference for bleaching his hair blond, his relationship with a white woman and subsequent birth of a very pale child mean that he may have been influenced by the concept of embranquemento (whitening) in which African descendants purposely try to whiten themselves and/or their descendants for purposes of social acceptability?
The thing about Neymar is that, obviously he is quick to point out racism. He also seems to be familiar with the association of black people with monkeys. Without his having proclaimed himself to be black, it’s a little perplexing to know how Neymar sees things in terms of race. Does he see himself as white like retired superstar Ronaldo once proclaimed himself when discussing racism against black players in European stadiums. When Neymar said that he wasn’t really “preto” (black), did that mean that he saw himself as a “pardo” (brown) and maybe only partially black or did he mean “pardo” as a means of saying that he is of a racial mixture that doesn’t fall under the category of black (2)? Or did he perhaps mean it in a similar vein as former US Secretary of State Colin Powell when he stated, “I ain’t that black”? There’s really no way of having certainty. To be sure, regardless of how the star sees himself in terms of race, this doesn’t negate his right to protest when he feels he’s been the target of racism. Let’s face facts: Neymar being personally attacked doesn’t mean he would be willing to take up the anti-racist cause in general.


[FONT=&quot]Almost platinum: photo posted by Neymar on February 14, 2013[/FONT]​

This is nothing new. Dating back to the 1950s and 1960s, sociologists Roger Bastide, Florestan Fernandes and anthropologist João Batista Borges Pereira argued that black Brazilians ascending to middle class status distanced themselves from their communities of origin. This is often still the case today. In his 2011 dissertation on black executives in São Paulo’s corporate world, Pedro Jaime Coelho found that practically none of the 50 black execs he interviewed were involved in any anti-racist initiatives of the Movimento Negro (3). At the time of the interviews, all the execs were also married to white women.
Over the years, black Brazilian soccer stars, Pelé in particular, have frustrated Brazil’s black civil rights organizations (Movimento Negro) with their silence on issues of race or refusal to dedicate themselves to such topics. But it is also true that, nowadays, more black Brazilians in general are becoming aware of the dictatorship of whiteness/Eurocentrism that dominates Brazilian politics and media. As such, many persons of visible African ancestry are demanding more representation and respect for phenotypes that are not purely European in appearance. For example, more than a month ago, a woman from São Paulo initiated an online petition campaign to encourage the “black blond” bomber to start wearing his hair in its natural state again. Her reasoning? Her black son wanted to emulate Neymar (4). Here’s what she posted:
Neymar:Accept your curly/kinky hair
Rafaella Nepomuceno, São Paulo, Brazil
Neymar, leave your hair natural please! My son is a handsome black boy with curly/kinky hair and told me that he wanted hair like yours, including straight, I responded:
- Neymar’s hair is curled like yours my son
- How does he make it straight, mom?
- Chapinha (flat straightening iron)
- Then I want chapinha mom…
- What?
- Mom, so is Neymar preto (black)?
- Ah, still quite (black)!
Now (can you) imagine a child with self-esteem problems because of not having straight hair? Neymar as an idol and example for so many children like my son could be more sensitive (about this issue) and accept his hair as it is.
Once again, we have a question of the social responsibility and influence of public figures. African-American basketball star Charles Barkley once famously said that he was “not a role model” in a Nike gym shoe commercial. I remember years ago a critic once saying that NBA basketball legend Michael Jordan had about as much social consciousness as a pea. Clearly, public figures have a huge influence on the public. Corporations that have products to sell know this very well. Remember the “Be Like Mike” campaign featuring Michael Jordan? Or how about singer Beyoncé’s recent $50 million endorsement contract for Pepsi, which led to some calling the singer out for accepting such a deal considering the alarming rates of obesity and diabetes in the US, particularly among children.
Beyoncé, being an international superstar that is female and black is very popular in Brazil. From the Brazilian media constantly using her name in comparison with any black Brazilian women in the media at any given moment, to the imitation of her famous dance in the “Single Ladies” video, to the influence of her hairstyle, there’s no doubt in her selling power. In Brazil, Neymar seems to be everywhere as the pitchman for a number of products including Claro (telephone), Red Bull, Panasonic, Nextel, Lupo (underwear) and at least six other companies. All told, Neymar earns only about 15% of his monthly R$3.6 million real (US$1.8 million) salary from the Santos team. The rest is from endorsements. Thus, as the bottom line often boils down to the money, is it really reasonable to expect Neymar or any other star to accept the responsibility of being a role model or is he or she a role model whether he or she chooses to be or not?

[FONT=&quot]Four of Neymar’s enodorsements[/FONT]
It’s actually on old question. But let me say this. If you’re waiting on the day for sports figures and entertainers to accept social responsibility and take unpopular stands on issues of the day, FORGET IT! Often times, entertainers and athletes are chosen for endorsements precisely due to the fact that they are not activists, maintain a politically neutral positions or don’t get involve with anything considered controversial so that they don’t fall out of favor with the public and thus lose their marketability with companies who often sacrifice or have no ethics when it comes to selling products to the public even if potentially harmful to public well-being.
So, in closing, I will say that Neymar is nothing more and nothing less than the current “flavor of the month.” No doubt talented, but still the “flavor of the month”. And while it would be inspiring to see people with such influence take important, unpopular stands on whatever important issue of the day, Neymar, like Beyoncé and Michael Jordan before him, has too much money riding on his marketability to “fight the power”. I’ve seen it all before and I don’t expect him to.
1. A few minutes after tweeting the King Kong joke, Gentili tried to justify the joke. “Can someone give me a reasonable explanation why I can call a gay veado (literally meaning deer, but similar to faggot), a fat person whale, a white man a gecko but never call a black man monkey?” He followed that up with, “In the joke about King Kong, I didn’t say the color of the player. I said that the blond goes out with a guy because he’s famous. It’s prejudice that’s in your minds.” It seems that Gentili didn’t note his own words as he had already asked the question of associating a black man with a monkey. As we have shown countless times, the terms macaca (feminine) or macaco (masculine), meaning monkey, is one of the most used racial slurs against Afro-Brazilians. In reference to his “joke”, one doesn’t have to actually say that the player is black because it is implied that and the image in the social imagination already associates black Brazilian soccer stars with white/blond women. White men are the least likely in Brazil to marry interracially, thus they are expected to marry white/blond women so stating a white man’s preference for a white/blond woman doesn’t apply because it is expected. Black men and white/blond women, on the other hand, has a whole other set of social ramifications.
2. For clarification and further discussion of Brazilian terms regarding race and color see previous articles here, here, here and here.
3. Coelho Júnior, Pedro Jaime. Executivos negros – racismo e diversidade no mundo empresarial. Uma abordagem socio-antropológica
4. Neymar’s influence can seen throughout Brazil, particularly in São Paulo where one can see many young men, black or white, wearing straight or straightened, blond Mohawk style hairstyles. Blond hair among black youth is also popular among participants of bailes funk or funk carioca music in Rio de Janeiro.
Source: Yahoo! Esporte Interativo, Folha de S.Paulo, Coelho Júnior, Pedro Jaime. Executivos negros – racismo e diversidade no mundo empresarial. Uma abordagem socio-antropológica. University of São Paulo. Department of Anthropology. Post-Graduation in Social Anthropology, 2011.

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5 Comments on “Neymar’s blond ambition and the question of racism, identity and marketability of black public figures”


  1. Anonymous February 21, 2013
    avatar

    I don't like it when people cite Black Americans and compare them with Brazilians. It's a totally different culture and we have very little in common. Also does Nemyer use bleaching cream?
    Reply
  2. Anonymous February 21, 2013
    avatar

    He does seem to have gotten progressively lighter…
    Reply
  3. travelmakerkai February 21, 2013
    avatar

    Regarding the anonymous person's comment above. The world is now a global village. There aren't many of us (blacks) on the entertainment world plateform level that beyonce or other famous (black) celebraties are at, so it's only natural that there will be some comparison to her here in Brazil or other countries in the world as a example of a famous AND black woman.My own comment in this post. Where to start. I'm a grown adult but like Rafaella's son even I am confused! We have a long way to go but blogs an posts like this are highlighting the issues atleast (note I say we! I am not a Brazilian, I'm African but I feel being here in Brazil have my part to play also).Thanks for sharing as always I enjoy reading posts on BWofB (even if I'm often left perplexed without knowing what to say!)www.travelmakerkai.com
    Reply
  4. Anonymous February 22, 2013
    avatar

    I was thinking the same thing as anon 9:27. It seems as though he has bleached himself, he probably called up Sammy Sosa for advice. I can't even imagine how his father feels about his complete physical transformation and seeming rejection of his African ancestry, but some people will do anything to be part of the in-crowd. He would have probably committed suicide if he was fully black.
    Reply
  5. Anonymous March 9, 2013
    avatar

    African Americans and Afro Brazilians are descended from the same people via the same methods. No one on the planet is that different. People just don't want to be associated with particular groups of people. I don't know if he bleaches but I doubt it. Skin color can vary depending on season. My issue with him is that when he said he wasn't black it was because he had straight hair. From his childhood picture it's obvious he straightens his hair.
    Reply
Leave a Reply
 
From personal experience, I can tell you that people
get darker as they grow older. ....Nyemar appears
to have defied this law by becoming more pale as
he grew.......
 
This sort of mentality comes from the
environment in which one is nurtured.
His father could not have raised him
as he did and expect the son to turn
out differently. He bore him of a
woman who was as least removed from
a cac as he could find, and probably
never paid attention to the poison he
imbibed from the media and society
that extolled cac qualities and also
denigrated the black ones. If he
married in order to cac-enise his
children as much as he genetically
could, he appeared to have had even
more success psychologically; but as
a result, his son has a diseased
mind. The fact of the matter is that
no matter how adored and wealthy
you are, you are sadder than any
man who has a higher self-esteem
even if he poorer than you are. The
reason is simply because you can
divorce yourself from material things
and external things, but yourself is
always with you no matter where you
run to.
 
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Told you dudes brazilians don't see theyself black

Shit is South America not South Africa
In a census, I believe that only 7% or some such ridiculous
number categorised themselves as black, while the rest of
them fitted themselves in one 46 racial classification. They
want nothing with blackness, except the physical features
and the music....Brazil...
 
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In the census, I believe that only 7% or some such ridiculous
number categorised themselves as black, while the rest of
them fitted themselves in one 46 racial classification. They
want nothing with blackness, except the physical features
and the music....

Actually it was over 51%.And that was way before any talks of a quota system.Tha 5% is what tha goverment told outsiders because Black to them is dark skin.Problem was Globally Black is Black no matter tha shade so when tourists arrived they saw way more than 5% and started to enquire.
 
Actually it was over 51%.And that was way before any talks of a quota system.Tha 5% is what tha goverment told outsiders because Black to them is dark skin.Problem was Globally Black is Black no matter tha shade so when tourists arrived they saw way more than 5% and started to enquire.
Wrong!

Genetically, 51%, and some say as high as 70-75%, of
Brazilians carry African genes. In a census, only 15 million
out 200million self identified as black..which is about 7.5%

Read it here

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Brazilian
 
I remember when you used to glorify this pin head.
He is a sensational player. I grew up playing football, and he
does with effortless ease, what to this day, I have not been
able to do with utmost effort. The boy is a magician on the
football field...

You raise a question I struggle with every day. If I was to
apply my standards, I would have few black friends, and
almost no girlfriends. All the Africans, as you can see on
BGOL, love and would die by their cac names, all the
women perm their hair. Do you know how much this makes
my blood boil....At least that boy grew up in a society where
they poisoned his mind...And the ignorant African women
perm their hair to be like their glamorous Black American
sisters.... but what about all the Robert Mugabes, Kenneth
Kaundas, Goodluck Johnathans, Nelson Mandelas....etc

Are they better than Neymar?
 
A recent genetic study of Black Brazilians made for BBC Brasil analysed the DNA of self-reported Blacks from São Paulo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59">[59]</sup>
The research analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), that is present in all human beings and passed down with only minor mutations through the maternal line. The other is the Y chromosome, that is present only in males and passed down with only minor mutations through the paternal line. Both can show from what part of the world a matrilineal or patrilineal ancestor of a person came from, but one can have in mind that they are only a fraction of the human genome, and reading ancestry from Y chromosome and mtDNA only tells 1/23rd the story, since humans have 23 chromosome pairs in the cellular DNA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DNAPrint_60-0">[60]</sup>
Analyzing the Y chromosome, which comes from male ancestors through paternal line, it was concluded that half (50%) of Brazilian "negros" Y chromosomes come from Europe, 48% come from Africa and 1.6% come from Native Americans. Analyzing their mitochondrial DNA, that comes from female ancestors though maternal line, 85% of them come from Africa, 12.5% come from Native Americans and 2.5% come from Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-afrobras_57-1">[57]</sup>

Portrait "A Redenção de Cam" (1895), showing a Brazilian family each generation becoming "whiter".


The high level of European ancestry in black Brazilians through paternal line exists because, for much of Brazil's History, there were more Caucasian males than Caucasian females. So inter-racial relationships between Caucasian males and Sub-Saharan African or Native American females were widespread.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61">[61]</sup>
Over 75% of Caucasians from North and Northeastern Brazil would have over 10% Sub-Saharan African genes, according to this particular study. Even in Southeastern and Southern Brazil, regions which received large waves of European immigration beginning in the 1820s and growing strongly in the late nineteenth century, 49% of the Caucasian population would have over 10% Sub-Saharan African genes, according to that study. Thus, 86% of Brazilians would have at least 10% of genes that came from Africa. The researchers however were cautious about its conclusions:

If you know this, you do not need to know anything else about Brazil;
If you do not know this, everything about Brazil will confuse you.......
 
So there it is: at least 86% of all Brazilians have African
genes, derived from an African female ancestor....

But 48% of all Brazilian have an African male ancestor.
Because there are Brazilians whose African ancestors
are only on the male side, it follows that the percentage
of Brazilians who have African ancestry
=86% + whatever portion of the remaining 14% has
African ancestry on the male side only...


You figure that one out
 
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VNE40284816712Neymar-1373613116_500x0.jpg

1174066-23242654-640-360.jpg

His pops
He knows he is black, but in Brazil they look at mixed race as differently than America.


450px-Neymar_visiting_Red_Bull_Arena_%28cropped%29.jpg
 
When did wikepedia become a reputable source. When I was in school that was a big nono from every teacher.

DAMN You're Young...

when I was in school, we was Lucky to have 1 computer w/ internet... and this was in the Late 90's.

:lol:
 
When did wikepedia become a reputable source. When I was in school that was a big nono from every teacher.
When it cites a study that was done by a so-called reputatable organisation
You would not contest the validity of Newton's 3 laws if you read them on
Wiki would you...

Instead of wasting your time disputing people who are more informed than
you are, why don't you dispute the findings of the BBC sponsored DNA study
cited by Wikipedia..
 
VNE40284816712Neymar-1373613116_500x0.jpg

1174066-23242654-640-360.jpg

His pops
He knows he is black, but in Brazil they look at mixed race as differently than America.


450px-Neymar_visiting_Red_Bull_Arena_%28cropped%29.jpg

He pointedly said he is not Preto (black); if you pushed him, he
would probably say he was Pardo (whatever it means)
 
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/17/brazil-census-african-brazilians-majority

Fuck outta here with that weak ass source.

Brazil census shows African-Brazilians in the majority for the first time
Preliminary results show 50.7% of Brazilians now define themselves as black or mixed race compared with 47.7% whites

The-proportion-of-Brazili-007.jpg
The proportion of Brazilians who define themselves as black or mixed race has risen from 44.7% to 50.7% since 2000[/IMG]
the majority of Brazil's population, the country's latest census has confirmed.

Preliminary results from the 2010 census, released on Wednesday, show that 97 million Brazilians, or 50.7% of the population, now define themselves as black or mixed race, compared with 91 million or 47.7% who label themselves white.

The proportion of Brazilians declaring themselves white was down from 53.7% in 2000, when Brazil's last census was held.

But the proportion of people declaring themselves black or mixed race has risen from 44.7% to 50.7%, making African-Brazilians the official majority for the first time.

"Among the hypotheses to explain this trend, one could highlight the valorisation of identity among Afro-descendants," Brazil's census board, the IBGE, said in its report.

According to the census, 7.6% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were mixed race, up from 38.5%.

In 1872, when Brazil's first census was conducted, the population was split into just two groups: free people and slaves, who then represented 15% of the population.

The IBGE said that while its researchers had detected the trend about three years ago, the 2010 census was the first full nationwide study to recognise the phenomenon.

In an interview last year Brazil's minister for racial equality, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, attributed the change to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.

"People are no longer scared of identifying themselves or insecure about saying: 'I'm black, and black is beautiful,'" he told the Guardian.

Ivonete Carvalho, from the government's racial equality ministry, said African-Brazilians were increasingly willing to stand up and be counted: "I'm here. I'm me. I'm not ashamed of my history."

Race campaigners welcomed the growing number of self-declared African-Brazilians, but the census also underlined how the vast social divide between Brazil's white and non-white populations persists.

The 2010 census – a massive operation which involved about 190,000 census takers visiting 58m homes – found that in major cities white inhabitants were earning about 2.4 times more than their black counterparts.

In Salvador, a former slave port with one of Brazil's largest black populations, the findings were even worse: whites earned 3.2 times more than blacks.

"It is a vicious circle," Marcelo Paixão, an economist from Rio's UFRJ University told O Globo. "Poor salaries lead to worse education, which is a barrier to getting a good job. We need more public policies."

A parallel study, released this week by the Data Popular Institute, provided further evidence of the racial divide that continues to blight Brazilian society. The wealthiest group of Brazilians – known as "Class A" – was made up of 82.3% white people and just 17.7% African-Brazilians.

In contrast "Class E" – the poorest section of society – was 76.3% African-Brazilian and 23.7% white.

The same study found that 31.3% of Brazil's white population had private health plans, compared with just 15.2% of the black population.

In an interview this week Ivone Caetano, a prominent African-Brazilian judge in Rio de Janeiro, painted a bleak picture of life in the place some call South America's "rainbow nation".

"In Brazil every black person is going to be a victim of racism, prejudice [and] discrimination, whatever your position," she said. "Our prejudice is disguised and hypocritical."

A news report on the census findings aired by the Brazilian channel Record TV said the rise in Brazil's officially black and mixed race population was "a signal of growing pride among the descendants of Africans". The story was presented by a white reporter and introduced by two white news anchors.
That is nothing new. If you read the wiki article I posted, it says there that 7.5%
call themselves black and 44.7% call themselves mixed. Mixed in Brazil means
away from Black, different, they do not want to be regarded black. It is not even
that way in your native South Africa, where the coloureds have some feeling of
being black. These Brazilians would rather talk about the European part of their
heritage, and among the so called white 49%, the vast majority are themselves
mixed...don't get it twisted
 
So wiki is a reputable source now?


If I tried to use wiki as a source on any of my college papers I would have had a commemt at the top of my paper saying "come see me"
 
Of course they did not read the Wikipage. That forum is
a very powerful source of information because of its
democratic nature. Because it abhors dogmatism, it is
the epitome of peer review. If you write rubbish, someone
can come behind you and correct it. but someone
else can then correct the correcter, and the process
continues in the refinement of the message until it is
actually very accurate. Wilki is what academia is
modelled on, except that in academia, the errors,
misstatements and omissions are left in the original
text while the critique spells the corrections in his own
text. In this case, this excellently written Wilki page
references a BBC Brazil sponsored study on the DNA
of Brazilians. You will notice that those who do not like
the conclusions laid out on this Wiki page, have avoided
contesting the source of its contentions, focusing rather,
on discrediting the page itself. This is unscientific and
unacademic. The critique of a postulate does not criticise
the author, but question his methods or sources.........
Otherwise it is the critique himself who manifests a lack of
credibility....

Read the article, and address your questions to it. Cease
speaking from general opinions of the Wiki model of business.
Many of the articles on Wikipedia are written by experts in
the pertinent fields..
 
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