Rare and very interesting photos
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One more for ya bruh...
<img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mcz6duvMnc1qbn5m1o1_1280.jpg">
Bok Globules
Bok globules are small interstellar clouds of very cold gas and dust that are so thick they are nearly totally opaque to visible light, although they can be studied with infrared and radio techniques.
They were originally discovered as black splotches in front of dense fields of stars, and were even dubbed “holes in the heaven” because they appeared like holes in the stellar background. - [**]
Bok globules are dark clouds of dense cosmic dust and gas in which star formation sometimes takes place. Bok globules are found within H II regions, and typically have a mass of about 2 to 50 solar masses contained within a region about a light year or so across.
They contain molecular hydrogen (H2), carbon oxides and helium, and around 1% (by mass) of silicate dust. Bok globules most commonly result in the formation of double or multiple star systems.
Bok globules were first observed by astronomer Bart Bok in the 1940s.
In a paper published in 1947, Bok and E.F. Reilly hypothesized that these clouds were ‘similar to insect’s cocoons’ that were undergoing gravitational collapse to form new stars from which stars and star clusters were born.
<img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mcztl23CHF1qcrg73o1_500.jpg">
A map showing the 22 countries never to have been invaded by Britain.
“A new study has found that at various times the British have invaded almost 90 per cent of the countries around the globe. The analysis of the histories of the almost 200 countries in the world found only 22 which have never experienced an invasion by the British. Among this select group of nations are far-off destinations such as Guatemala, Tajikistan and the Marshall Islands, as well some slightly closer to home, such as Luxembourg.”
Britain has invaded 9 out of every 10 countries on this planet
The countries never invaded by the British:
Andorra
Belarus
Bolivia
Burundi
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo, Republic of
Guatemala
Ivory Coast
Kyrgyzstan
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Mali
Marshall Islands
Monaco
Mongolia
Paraguay
Sao Tome and Principe
Sweden
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Vatican City
Source:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/...-of-ten-countries-so-look-out-Luxembourg.html
A map showing the 22 countries never to have been invaded by Britain.
“A new study has found that at various times the British have invaded almost 90 per cent of the countries around the globe. The analysis of the histories of the almost 200 countries in the world found only 22 which have never experienced an invasion by the British. Among this select group of nations are far-off destinations such as Guatemala, Tajikistan and the Marshall Islands, as well some slightly closer to home, such as Luxembourg.”
Britain has invaded 9 out of every 10 countries on this planet
The countries never invaded by the British:
Andorra
Belarus
Bolivia
Burundi
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo, Republic of
Guatemala
Ivory Coast
Kyrgyzstan
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Mali
Marshall Islands
Monaco
Mongolia
Paraguay
Sao Tome and Principe
Sweden
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Vatican City
Source:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/...-of-ten-countries-so-look-out-Luxembourg.html
<img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mc7lbzhkvv1r3wk1zo3_1280.jpg">
<img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mc7lbzhkvv1r3wk1zo1_1280.jpg">
Doug Perrine captured these stunning photographs in the Maldives. The particular location (Vaadhoo Island) has a concentrated population of bioluminescent phytoplankton. Bioluminescence is a natural chemical reaction which occurs when a micro-organism in the water reacts with oxygen. When washed ashore by the tides, the phytoplankton’s chemical energy is turned into light energy, illuminating the waves.
<img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mc7lbzhkvv1r3wk1zo1_1280.jpg">
Doug Perrine captured these stunning photographs in the Maldives. The particular location (Vaadhoo Island) has a concentrated population of bioluminescent phytoplankton. Bioluminescence is a natural chemical reaction which occurs when a micro-organism in the water reacts with oxygen. When washed ashore by the tides, the phytoplankton’s chemical energy is turned into light energy, illuminating the waves.
<img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m9t77nvA0D1qzzz7ao1_400.jpg">
A Moorish warrior.
The same degree of intellect and learning was brought by the Moorish conquerors of the Iberian peninsula to Portugal. Like Spain, that country was to be culturally influenced by the Moors. Its association with Africa dates as far back as the fourth and fifth centuries when Africans arrived in southern Europe. But it was in 711 A.D. that they marched in as conquerors under the command of Tarik. To reinforce what has been said earlier these Moors, as the early writers chronicled, were “black or dark people, some being very black.”
After the invasion of 711 came other waves of Moors even darker. It was this occupation of Portugal which accounts for the fact that even noble families had absorbed the blood of the Moor.
From that time onwards, racial mixing in Portugal, as in Spain, and elsewhere in Europe, which came under the influence of Moors, took place on a large scale. That is why historians claim that “Portugal is in reality a Negroid land,” and that when Napoleon explained that “Africa begins at the Pyrenees,” he meant every word that he uttered
A Moorish warrior.
The same degree of intellect and learning was brought by the Moorish conquerors of the Iberian peninsula to Portugal. Like Spain, that country was to be culturally influenced by the Moors. Its association with Africa dates as far back as the fourth and fifth centuries when Africans arrived in southern Europe. But it was in 711 A.D. that they marched in as conquerors under the command of Tarik. To reinforce what has been said earlier these Moors, as the early writers chronicled, were “black or dark people, some being very black.”
After the invasion of 711 came other waves of Moors even darker. It was this occupation of Portugal which accounts for the fact that even noble families had absorbed the blood of the Moor.
From that time onwards, racial mixing in Portugal, as in Spain, and elsewhere in Europe, which came under the influence of Moors, took place on a large scale. That is why historians claim that “Portugal is in reality a Negroid land,” and that when Napoleon explained that “Africa begins at the Pyrenees,” he meant every word that he uttered
<img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m1q1q9GrcH1ro3kojo1_r1_400.jpg">
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m1q1q9GrcH1ro3kojo2_r1_400.jpg">
Among the tens of thousands of men, women, and children captured in Africa and sold into slavery in the Middle East and India was an Ethiopian of fierce determination: Malik Ambar. Born Chapu in 1548 in Harar, where the Ethiopian highlands meet the dessert stretching to the Red Sea, Ambar (as he was later called) was stripped of his family, his name, and forever taken from his homeland. Nevertheless, half a century later, and halfway around the world, he had transformed himself into a king-maker in India’s Deccan, leading the most powerful military force against Mughal rule.
Traveling first by caravan, and then by dhow, the young Ambar was taken across the Red Sea to the port of Mocha in southern Arabia (Yemen). He was re-sold ad sent top Baghadad, where he was educated before finally being sent to India to serve Chengiz Khan, the Regent Minister of the Sultan of Nizam Shai in Ahmadnagar. For twenty years, the Ethiopian, now a Muslim, Loyally served Khan, an Ethiopian like himself who convert to Islam, but unlike Ambar, was no longer enslaved. Over this period Ambar assumed increasing amounts of responsibility in the Nizam’s court, where he observed and learned about diplomacy and military strategy and organization-experiences he carried into the next long period of his life as a free man.
Upon his master’s death, Ambar was manumitted, launching one of the most formidable carriers in the political history of the Deccan. Initially working as a mercenary in the region, by 1595, he commanded a cavalry force of 150 men, and began amassing a rebel army, which quickly grew into the thousands. By 1600 the African, now a full-fledged mercenary general, emerged as the leading figure in the resistance movement against the spread of northern imperial rule in the Deccan. Defeating in battle the armies of not one, but two Mughal emperors-Akbar and Jahangir-for more than a quarter of a century Ambar’s armies were the envy and pride of those fighting attempted Mughal occupation in the southern part of India.
By 1620, Ambar was at the head of an army of fifty-thousand men-forty thousand Marathas (Hindu warriors) and ten thousand Habshi (fellow Africans).by then he had already installed two young princes to the Nizam’s throne in succession, each time making himself regent Minister, and, unlike his former master, functioning as de facto ruler. Ambar’s military genius was unsurpassed. The unusual alliances Ambar forged along India’s western coast with the African-descended sailors-turned rulers of Janjira island, his innovative techniques in guerilla warfare, and his use of British artillery, not only kept the Mughals from pressing into the southern half of India during his lifetime, but endlessly frustrated the empire’s rulers, who variously referred to their indomitable foe as the “rebel of black fortune.”
In time, Ambar founded a model city, Khadki (the future site of Aurangabad), where he built several palaces, developed an irrigation system, patronized Hindu and Muslim craftsmen and artists (including the great portrait artist Hashim), and married his daughter and son into the families of Indian nobility-thus integrating Africans into elite south Asian society. When Ambar died in 1626, he was known across the Deccan as one of the greatest leaders of the day. His life and legend inspired later rebels against Mughal rule, most notably the Maratha king shivaji, the grandson of Maloji, who had long served as Ambar’s right-hand man half a century earlier.
The extraordinary life of Ambar — an Ethiopian slave turned ruler in India — forms part of the broader story of forced and free migration among Africans who journeyed to India long before the advent of the much better known transatlantic forced migration of Africans to the Americas. The Migration of Africans across the Indian Ocean world, which began as early as the second century B.C., was greatly enhanced with the rise and spread of Islam after the seventh century, which provided opportunities for upward social mobility for the enslaved and people of African descent, generally. It was in the ever-expanding Muslim world that Ambar could rise from slave to ruler; a phenomenon seldom seen in other parts of the world. Islam allowed for such transformations of status for more than just Ambar, as witnessed by his own master Khan, a Muslim and former slave himself, Africans served as soldiers, as well as sailors, and worked as merchants across the Indian Ocean, and formed part of the societies both on the coasts and the interiors.
The Ethiopian’s contributions to the making of the African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean world are only just beginning to be more widely known, even as pioneering scholars from Jogindra Chowdhuri and Radhey Shyem to Richard Pankhurst and Richard Eaton have been helping to illuminate aspects of the Ethiopian Diaspora for decades. Malik Ambar — along with Bilalibn Rabah (Islam’s first muezzin) and Bava Ghor (a merchant and Sufi mystic) — serves as an exemplar of contributions by Ethiopians to the societies, economies, and cultures of the Arabian Peninsula, southern Iraq and Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and beyond.
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m1q1q9GrcH1ro3kojo2_r1_400.jpg">
Among the tens of thousands of men, women, and children captured in Africa and sold into slavery in the Middle East and India was an Ethiopian of fierce determination: Malik Ambar. Born Chapu in 1548 in Harar, where the Ethiopian highlands meet the dessert stretching to the Red Sea, Ambar (as he was later called) was stripped of his family, his name, and forever taken from his homeland. Nevertheless, half a century later, and halfway around the world, he had transformed himself into a king-maker in India’s Deccan, leading the most powerful military force against Mughal rule.
Traveling first by caravan, and then by dhow, the young Ambar was taken across the Red Sea to the port of Mocha in southern Arabia (Yemen). He was re-sold ad sent top Baghadad, where he was educated before finally being sent to India to serve Chengiz Khan, the Regent Minister of the Sultan of Nizam Shai in Ahmadnagar. For twenty years, the Ethiopian, now a Muslim, Loyally served Khan, an Ethiopian like himself who convert to Islam, but unlike Ambar, was no longer enslaved. Over this period Ambar assumed increasing amounts of responsibility in the Nizam’s court, where he observed and learned about diplomacy and military strategy and organization-experiences he carried into the next long period of his life as a free man.
Upon his master’s death, Ambar was manumitted, launching one of the most formidable carriers in the political history of the Deccan. Initially working as a mercenary in the region, by 1595, he commanded a cavalry force of 150 men, and began amassing a rebel army, which quickly grew into the thousands. By 1600 the African, now a full-fledged mercenary general, emerged as the leading figure in the resistance movement against the spread of northern imperial rule in the Deccan. Defeating in battle the armies of not one, but two Mughal emperors-Akbar and Jahangir-for more than a quarter of a century Ambar’s armies were the envy and pride of those fighting attempted Mughal occupation in the southern part of India.
By 1620, Ambar was at the head of an army of fifty-thousand men-forty thousand Marathas (Hindu warriors) and ten thousand Habshi (fellow Africans).by then he had already installed two young princes to the Nizam’s throne in succession, each time making himself regent Minister, and, unlike his former master, functioning as de facto ruler. Ambar’s military genius was unsurpassed. The unusual alliances Ambar forged along India’s western coast with the African-descended sailors-turned rulers of Janjira island, his innovative techniques in guerilla warfare, and his use of British artillery, not only kept the Mughals from pressing into the southern half of India during his lifetime, but endlessly frustrated the empire’s rulers, who variously referred to their indomitable foe as the “rebel of black fortune.”
In time, Ambar founded a model city, Khadki (the future site of Aurangabad), where he built several palaces, developed an irrigation system, patronized Hindu and Muslim craftsmen and artists (including the great portrait artist Hashim), and married his daughter and son into the families of Indian nobility-thus integrating Africans into elite south Asian society. When Ambar died in 1626, he was known across the Deccan as one of the greatest leaders of the day. His life and legend inspired later rebels against Mughal rule, most notably the Maratha king shivaji, the grandson of Maloji, who had long served as Ambar’s right-hand man half a century earlier.
The extraordinary life of Ambar — an Ethiopian slave turned ruler in India — forms part of the broader story of forced and free migration among Africans who journeyed to India long before the advent of the much better known transatlantic forced migration of Africans to the Americas. The Migration of Africans across the Indian Ocean world, which began as early as the second century B.C., was greatly enhanced with the rise and spread of Islam after the seventh century, which provided opportunities for upward social mobility for the enslaved and people of African descent, generally. It was in the ever-expanding Muslim world that Ambar could rise from slave to ruler; a phenomenon seldom seen in other parts of the world. Islam allowed for such transformations of status for more than just Ambar, as witnessed by his own master Khan, a Muslim and former slave himself, Africans served as soldiers, as well as sailors, and worked as merchants across the Indian Ocean, and formed part of the societies both on the coasts and the interiors.
The Ethiopian’s contributions to the making of the African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean world are only just beginning to be more widely known, even as pioneering scholars from Jogindra Chowdhuri and Radhey Shyem to Richard Pankhurst and Richard Eaton have been helping to illuminate aspects of the Ethiopian Diaspora for decades. Malik Ambar — along with Bilalibn Rabah (Islam’s first muezzin) and Bava Ghor (a merchant and Sufi mystic) — serves as an exemplar of contributions by Ethiopians to the societies, economies, and cultures of the Arabian Peninsula, southern Iraq and Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and beyond.
Min. Louis Farrakhan pictured with Indian brothers and sisters from The Hopi Tribe during a time when the United States Government was trying to take the Hopi's off of Big Mountain in AZ, NM in 1985. Our Sister Wauneta Lone Wolf (Rest in Power) asked the Nation of Islam to come protect the tribe. When confronted by Government Troops, the unity of the Black and Red Nation was successful (with the Help of Allah) in keeping the Hopis on their own land.
wow
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_me0dxbQWiY1rcdao9o1_500.jpg">
In 1919, Ernest “Ernie” Morrison (aka “Sunshine Sammy”) signed a two-year contract with Hal Roach Studios, making him the first black performer to ever sign a long-term contract in Hollywood.
He was only six or seven years old at the time.
In 1919, Ernest “Ernie” Morrison (aka “Sunshine Sammy”) signed a two-year contract with Hal Roach Studios, making him the first black performer to ever sign a long-term contract in Hollywood.
He was only six or seven years old at the time.
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m6m5ua8ptS1qkl35do1_1280.jpg">
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m6m5ua8ptS1qkl35do2_400.jpg">
Did you guys know Nettie from The Color Purple is Ghanaian royalty. Akosua Gyamama Busia is the daughter of a prince of the royal family of Wenchi which is a subgroup the Ashanti people. She herself is not a princess because the line inherence is though the mother in Ghanian culture.
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m6m5ua8ptS1qkl35do2_400.jpg">
Did you guys know Nettie from The Color Purple is Ghanaian royalty. Akosua Gyamama Busia is the daughter of a prince of the royal family of Wenchi which is a subgroup the Ashanti people. She herself is not a princess because the line inherence is though the mother in Ghanian culture.
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mdsuw4n9SG1qh48heo1_500.jpg">
Zumbi monument in Pelhourinho Square, Brazil:
A Quilombo was a free settlement of escaped slaves, and it sustained itself by sabotaging plantations or capturing slaves to force them to join. Quilombo Dos Palmares was a self-sustaining settlement in Brazil which, at its peak, had about 30,000 members. Zumbi was the last of its leaders, and fought the Portuguese military with enough prowess to elude them for two years after Dos Palmeres was taken over. The Portuguese feared him not only as a physical threat (he was a descendent of Angolan Imbangala warriors, and believed to be immortal), but also as a leader who could undoubtedly inspire slaves and runaways alike to fight for their freedom. He is a symbol of resistance against all the madness of New World dominance: slavery, colonial exploitation, and domination. He fought for freedom in the 17th century, was a hero for the 20th century Afro-Brazilian political movement, and still inspires today.
Zumbi monument in Pelhourinho Square, Brazil:
A Quilombo was a free settlement of escaped slaves, and it sustained itself by sabotaging plantations or capturing slaves to force them to join. Quilombo Dos Palmares was a self-sustaining settlement in Brazil which, at its peak, had about 30,000 members. Zumbi was the last of its leaders, and fought the Portuguese military with enough prowess to elude them for two years after Dos Palmeres was taken over. The Portuguese feared him not only as a physical threat (he was a descendent of Angolan Imbangala warriors, and believed to be immortal), but also as a leader who could undoubtedly inspire slaves and runaways alike to fight for their freedom. He is a symbol of resistance against all the madness of New World dominance: slavery, colonial exploitation, and domination. He fought for freedom in the 17th century, was a hero for the 20th century Afro-Brazilian political movement, and still inspires today.
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mcw3jvuuEw1qd382lo1_500.jpg">
The Old Slave Block in the Old St. Louis Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana, ca. 1914
Acmegraph Co., Chicago IL, publisher
Photo caption: “The colored woman standing on the block was sold for $1500.00 on this same block when a little girl.”
Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
The Old Slave Block in the Old St. Louis Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana, ca. 1914
Acmegraph Co., Chicago IL, publisher
Photo caption: “The colored woman standing on the block was sold for $1500.00 on this same block when a little girl.”
Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
Add this book to your library! I read it last year! Unbelievable!!
http://uploaded.net/file/mg8i2k94
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_me427680Pb1r6r4pmo1_500.jpg">
LIBERTY AND SLAVERY.
Alas! and am I born for this,
To wear this slavish chain?
Deprived of all created bliss,
Through hardship, toil and pain!
How long have I in bondage lain,
And languished to be free! Alas!
and must I still complain—
Deprived of liberty.
Oh, Heaven! and is there no relief
This side the silent grave—
To soothe the pain—to quell the grief
And anguish of a slave?
Come Liberty, thou cheerful sound,
Roll through my ravished ears!
Come, let my grief in joys be drowned,
And drive away my fears.
Say unto foul oppression, Cease:
Ye tyrants rage no more,
And let the joyful trump of peace,
Now bid the vassal soar.
Soar on the pinions of that dove
Which long has cooed for thee,
And breathed her notes from Afric’s grove,
The sound of Liberty.
Oh, Liberty! thou golden prize,
So often sought by blood—
We crave thy sacred sun to rise,
The gift of nature’s God:
Bid Slavery hide her haggard face,
And barbarism fly:
I scorn to see the sad disgrace
In which enslaved I lie.
Dear Liberty! upon thy breast,
I languish to respire;
And like the Swan unto her nest,
I’d to thy smiles retire.
Oh, blest asylum—heavenly balm!
Unto thy boughs I flee—
And in thy shades the storm shall calm,
With songs of Liberty!
Published in 1829.
Author: George Moses Horton, a slave and the property of Mr. James Horton, of Chatham County, North-Carolina. His poetic protests of his status are the first ever written by a slave in America and his book, The Hope of Liberty.
http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/horton/menu.html
LIBERTY AND SLAVERY.
Alas! and am I born for this,
To wear this slavish chain?
Deprived of all created bliss,
Through hardship, toil and pain!
How long have I in bondage lain,
And languished to be free! Alas!
and must I still complain—
Deprived of liberty.
Oh, Heaven! and is there no relief
This side the silent grave—
To soothe the pain—to quell the grief
And anguish of a slave?
Come Liberty, thou cheerful sound,
Roll through my ravished ears!
Come, let my grief in joys be drowned,
And drive away my fears.
Say unto foul oppression, Cease:
Ye tyrants rage no more,
And let the joyful trump of peace,
Now bid the vassal soar.
Soar on the pinions of that dove
Which long has cooed for thee,
And breathed her notes from Afric’s grove,
The sound of Liberty.
Oh, Liberty! thou golden prize,
So often sought by blood—
We crave thy sacred sun to rise,
The gift of nature’s God:
Bid Slavery hide her haggard face,
And barbarism fly:
I scorn to see the sad disgrace
In which enslaved I lie.
Dear Liberty! upon thy breast,
I languish to respire;
And like the Swan unto her nest,
I’d to thy smiles retire.
Oh, blest asylum—heavenly balm!
Unto thy boughs I flee—
And in thy shades the storm shall calm,
With songs of Liberty!
Published in 1829.
Author: George Moses Horton, a slave and the property of Mr. James Horton, of Chatham County, North-Carolina. His poetic protests of his status are the first ever written by a slave in America and his book, The Hope of Liberty.
http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/horton/menu.html
1939 - Ernstid Davidson and Herman Harrison showed their heels to all competition and "jived" to victory in the Negro division at the International Jitterbug Convention held in the Los Angeles Coliseum.
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1958 - Cheriton, Virginia- Six adult migrant farm workers, including this family of four, were housed in 10x14 foot, one room, wooden shacks in a labor camps. Cooking was done on a two-burner kerosene stove on the shelf. The government called the 1,000,000 migrant farm workers who roam the nation "the most underprivileged people in America." Year after year, they "follow the seasons," moving onto where the crops are ripe. This was typical of the housing in migrant labor camps.
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Seated on his bunk in the death cell of Iberia Parish Courthouse, convinced that "The Lord is Still with Me," is Willie Francis, 17-year-old Negro who won a million-to-one chance of a reprieve from death when the electric chair failed to kill him, or even hurt him, at his scheduled execution on May 3, 1946. Sentenced to die for the murder of a St. Martinville druggist in 1945, Francis was strapped in the chair. The current was applied. The doomed man squirmed and jumped. But when the current was shut off, he was unharmed. "It tickled a little," he said.
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April 24, 1865 - Official escorts stand alongside the body of Abraham Lincoln, which lays in an open coffin, on display for public viewing inside New York City Hall.
This is the only photograph of the late president in his coffin.
This is the only photograph of the late president in his coffin.
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Man that is some beautiful out of this world type shit right there...
Looks like you on another planet
I grew up in Overtown.....Overtown remembered as THE mecca of Black Music and Entertainment in the 40′s, 50′s and 60′s
<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_me2eyeB8cD1qechvpo1_400.jpg">
The man pictured with Nimoy and Shatner was one of “only three black employees on the whole [Desilu] lot…Nichelle Nichols, [him]self, and the guy who had the food truck—who closed it up after lunch and then shined shoes.” (full story here)
His name is Charles Washburn and he is the first ever African American to be Assistant Director in Hollywood, he was also the first African-American to apply and graduate from the Directors Guild of America Assistant Directors Training Program.
He passed away earlier this year.
More of the story...
http://larrynemecek.blogspot.com/2012/05/rip-charlie-star-trek-my-buddy-charles.html
The man pictured with Nimoy and Shatner was one of “only three black employees on the whole [Desilu] lot…Nichelle Nichols, [him]self, and the guy who had the food truck—who closed it up after lunch and then shined shoes.” (full story here)
His name is Charles Washburn and he is the first ever African American to be Assistant Director in Hollywood, he was also the first African-American to apply and graduate from the Directors Guild of America Assistant Directors Training Program.
He passed away earlier this year.
More of the story...
http://larrynemecek.blogspot.com/2012/05/rip-charlie-star-trek-my-buddy-charles.html
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