You have to get familiar with it. Like any other new OS there is a learning curve.
Most of what you have stated are easy fixes:
• Every program you install suddenly becomes a "tile" on the Start screen
--You can simply unpin it from the Start screen
• Automatically makes tiles live, so all of your pictures get displayed without your consent.
--You can deactivate this via the Settings
• Changes ALL of the default programs to a Windows based program, including PDF's, MP3's, etc. And this is AFTER I installed Adobe Acrobat!
--Simply make sure to use the Settings to set the default prograns for your videos, PDFs and such
• Details pane is on the right side (instead of the bottom) and you CAN'T change it
--Always use the Desktop. I rarely use that start screen
• Want to use Mail or Calendar? You HAVE to have a "Microsoft account." Won't work without it
--Install Outlook or another Mail client
• No Start menu (without using an add-on)
--Move mouse cursor to lower left corner of the screen. Right-click when the Start tip appears, and the start menu will appear in list mode.
To me, Win 8 is solid.
I love it so far, and I rarely if ever use the Start Screen.
I've installed Office and use Outlook for my emails. Everything else is configured just as I need it.
Adobe for PDFs
VLC Media Player for videos
I'm loving it